Boscalid has been widely used for controlling various plant diseases. It is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in main coastal estuaries in California, with concentrations as high as 36 μg/L, but its ecotoxicology information is scarce. To assess the aquatic risk of boscalid, acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental toxicity toward zebrafish embryos were determined in the present study. In the acute toxicity test, a series of toxic symptoms of embryos were observed, including abnormal spontaneous movement, slow heartbeat, yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, spine deformation and hatching inhibition, and 96-h-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of boscalid toward zebrafish embryos was 2.65 (2.506–2.848) mg/L. From the results of the sub-lethal developmental toxicity test, boscalid was confirmed to have a great impact on development mechanisms of zebrafish embryos. Cell apoptosis in embryos was induced by boscalid with upregulation of genes in the cell apoptosis and an increase of capspase-3 and caspase-9 activity in the present study. Lipid metabolism was affected in embryos due to changes in gene expression and the contents of total triacylglyceride and cholesterol. Melanin synthesis and deposition was caused in embryos due to alterations in related gene expression. Overall, changes in cell apoptosis, lipid metabolism and melanin synthesis and deposition might be responsible for developmental toxicity of boscalid to zebrafish embryos.

Boscalid已被广泛用于控制各种植物病害。它是加利福尼亚主要沿海河口中最常见的农药之一，浓度高达36μg/ L，但其生态毒理学信息很少。为了评估鳞翅目鱼类的水生风险，在本研究中确定了对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性和亚致死性发育毒性。在急性毒性试验中，观察到一系列胚胎的毒性症状，包括异常的自发运动，心律缓慢，卵黄囊水肿，心包水肿，脊柱变形和孵化抑制，以及96-h-LC50（50％致死浓度）。斑马鱼胚胎的鳞片鳞茎为2.65（2.506–2.848）mg / L。从亚致死性发育毒性测试的结果来看，已证实boscalid对斑马鱼胚胎的发育机制有很大的影响。在本研究中，boscalid诱导了胚胎中的细胞凋亡，其中细胞凋亡中的基因上调并且capspase-3和caspase-9活性增加。由于基因表达以及总甘油三酯和胆固醇含量的变化，脂质代谢在胚胎中受到影响。黑色素的合成和沉积是由于相关基因表达的改变而在胚胎中引起的。总体而言，细胞凋亡，脂质代谢以及黑色素合成和沉积的变化可能是Boscalid对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的原因。在本研究中，boscalid诱导了胚胎中的细胞凋亡，其中细胞凋亡中的基因上调并且capspase-3和caspase-9活性增加。由于基因表达以及总甘油三酯和胆固醇含量的变化，脂质代谢在胚胎中受到影响。黑色素的合成和沉积是由于相关基因表达的改变而在胚胎中引起的。总体而言，细胞凋亡，脂质代谢以及黑色素合成和沉积的变化可能是Boscalid对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的原因。在本研究中，boscalid诱导了胚胎中的细胞凋亡，其中细胞凋亡中的基因上调并且capspase-3和caspase-9活性增加。由于基因表达以及总甘油三酯和胆固醇含量的变化，脂质代谢在胚胎中受到影响。黑色素的合成和沉积是由于相关基因表达的改变而在胚胎中引起的。总体而言，细胞凋亡，脂质代谢以及黑色素合成和沉积的变化可能是Boscalid对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的原因。