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Divalent Cation Removal by Donnan Dialysis for Improved Reverse Electrodialysis
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2018-04-05 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00879 Timon Rijnaarts 1, 2 , Nathnael T. Shenkute 1 , Jeffery A. Wood 3 , Wiebe M. de Vos 1 , Kitty Nijmeijer 4
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2018-04-05 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00879 Timon Rijnaarts 1, 2 , Nathnael T. Shenkute 1 , Jeffery A. Wood 3 , Wiebe M. de Vos 1 , Kitty Nijmeijer 4
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Divalent cations in feedwater can cause significant decreases in efficiencies for membrane processes, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED). In RED, power is harvested from the mixing of river and seawater, and the obtainable voltage is reduced and the resistance is increased if divalent cations are present. The power density of the RED process can be improved by removing divalent cations from the fresh water. Here, we study divalent cation removal from fresh water using seawater as draw solution in a Donnan dialysis (DD) process. In this way, a membrane system with neither chemicals nor electrodes but only natural salinity gradients can be used to exchange divalent cations. For DD, the permselectivity of the cation exchange membrane is found to be crucial as it determines the ability to block salt leakage (also referred to as co-ion transport). Operating DD using a membrane stack achieved a 76% reduction in the divalent cation content in natural fresh water with residence times of just a few seconds. DD pretreated fresh water was then used in a RED process, which showed improved gross and net power densities of 9.0 and 6.3%, respectively. This improvement is caused by a lower fresh water resistance (at similar open circuit voltages), due to exchange of divalent for monovalent cations.
中文翻译：
Donnan透析去除二价阳离子，改善反向电渗析
给水中的二价阳离子可能会大大降低膜工艺（例如反向电渗析（RED））的效率。在RED中，从河流和海水的混合中获取能量，如果存在二价阳离子，则可获得的电压会降低，电阻会增加。可以通过从淡水中去除二价阳离子来提高RED过程的功率密度。在这里，我们研究在Donnan渗析（DD）过程中使用海水作为汲取溶液从淡水中去除二价阳离子的方法。这样，既没有化学物质也没有电极的膜系统，仅具有自然盐度梯度，可以用来交换二价阳离子。对于DD，发现阳离子交换膜的渗透选择性至关重要，因为它决定了阻止盐泄漏（也称为共离子迁移）的能力。使用膜叠堆操作DD可以使天然淡水中的二价阳离子含量减少76％，停留时间仅为几秒钟。经过DD预处理的淡水用于RED工艺，其总功率密度和净功率密度分别提高了9.0％和6.3％。这种改进是由于将二价阳离子交换为一价阳离子而降低了耐淡水性能（在类似的开路电压下）。
更新日期：2018-04-05
中文翻译：
Donnan透析去除二价阳离子，改善反向电渗析
给水中的二价阳离子可能会大大降低膜工艺（例如反向电渗析（RED））的效率。在RED中，从河流和海水的混合中获取能量，如果存在二价阳离子，则可获得的电压会降低，电阻会增加。可以通过从淡水中去除二价阳离子来提高RED过程的功率密度。在这里，我们研究在Donnan渗析（DD）过程中使用海水作为汲取溶液从淡水中去除二价阳离子的方法。这样，既没有化学物质也没有电极的膜系统，仅具有自然盐度梯度，可以用来交换二价阳离子。对于DD，发现阳离子交换膜的渗透选择性至关重要，因为它决定了阻止盐泄漏（也称为共离子迁移）的能力。使用膜叠堆操作DD可以使天然淡水中的二价阳离子含量减少76％，停留时间仅为几秒钟。经过DD预处理的淡水用于RED工艺，其总功率密度和净功率密度分别提高了9.0％和6.3％。这种改进是由于将二价阳离子交换为一价阳离子而降低了耐淡水性能（在类似的开路电压下）。
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