Wastewater treatment is in a dilemma: more energy and efforts have to be put forth to obtain an effluent with better quality, while a significant amount of sludge is generated and the treatment or disposal expenses are high. Even if the sludge is disposed of properly, the components can be released and pollute the environment again. Therefore, conversion and recovery of the contaminants to resources is the way out of the dilemma. An ion exchange membrane (IEM) is a special type of membrane, which allows charged solutes to pass through it while retaining uncharged components. Attributed to this character, IEMs are taking more important roles in separation and conversion processes recently. They act as key elements in many resource recovery systems, such as in separation and concentration, salt valorization, energy conversion, and even in microbial systems. This review summarizes the important processes for waste conversion and resource recovery from wastewaters by using IEMs. Drawbacks and perspectives are summarized in view of the development of the processes and the membranes.

中文翻译：

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离子交换膜在废水中的废物转化和资源回收：最新技术和观点

废水处理处于两难境地：必须花费更多的精力和精力来获得质量更好的废水，同时产生大量的污泥，并且处理或处置费用很高。即使正确处理了污泥，也可以释放出这些成分并再次污染环境。因此，污染物向资源的转化和回收是摆脱困境的出路。离子交换膜（IEM）是一种特殊类型的膜，它允许带电的溶质通过而同时保留不带电的组分。由于这一特征，IEM在分离和转化过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它们是许多资源回收系统中的关键元素，例如分离和浓缩，盐分计价，能量转换，甚至在微生物系统中 这篇综述总结了使用IEM进行废物转化和从废水中回收资源的重要过程。鉴于工艺和膜的发展总结了缺点和观点。