Abstract Using a combination of Landsat, Pleiades and CORONA satellite imagery from 1967 to 2017, we map changes in the terminus position, ice surface velocity and surface elevation of Sabche Glacier, and report the first observations of surging behaviour in central Nepal. Our observations show that Sabche Glacier surged four times over the last 50 years. The three most recent surges occurred at 10 to 11-year cycles, which is one of the shortest surge cycles ever recorded. Detailed analysis of the most recent surge (2012 onwards), indicates that the glacier advanced 2.2 km and experienced maximum velocities of 1.6 ± 0.10 m day−1. During this surge, there was a surface elevation gain at the terminus of up to 90 ± 6.19 m a−1, with a corresponding surface lowering of between 10 ± 6.19 and 60 ± 6.19 m a−1, 3 km up-glacier of the terminus. This transfer of mass amounted to a volume of ~2.7 × 107 ± 0.1 × 107 m3a−1. Sabche Glacier is the first surge-type glacier to be observed in the central Himalayas, but this is consistent with a previous global analysis which indicates that surge-type glaciers should exist in the region. We hypothesise that the surge is at least partially controlled by subglacial topography, whereby a major subglacial overdeepening and constriction 3 km up-glacier of the terminus provides resistance to glacier flow from the accumulation area to the ablation area. This overdeepening appears to store mass until a threshold is crossed, after which the glacier flows out of the subglacial depression and rapidly surges over a bedrock lip and down the valley. Thus, whilst the surges are likely to be facilitated by subglacial processes (e.g. changes in subglacial hydrology and/or basal thermal regime), the topographic setting of the glacier appears to be modulating both the timing and duration of each surge.

中文翻译：

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尼泊尔 Sabche 冰川涌动行为的地形控制（1967 年至 2017 年）

摘要 利用 1967 年至 2017 年的 Landsat、Pleiades 和 CORONA 卫星图像，我们绘制了 Sabche 冰川终点位置、冰面速度和表面高程的变化图，并报告了对尼泊尔中部涌动行为的首次观测。我们的观察表明，萨切冰川在过去 50 年里翻了四次。最近的三个激增发生在 10 到 11 年的周期，这是有史以来最短的激增周期之一。对最近一次激增（2012 年以后）的详细分析表明，冰川前进了 2.2 公里，最大速度为 1.6 ± 0.10 m day−1。在这次浪涌期间，终点站的地表高程增加了 90 ± 6.19 m a-1，相应的地表降低了 10 ± 6.19 到 60 ± 6.19 m a-1，终点站的冰川上升了 3 公里。这种质量转移的体积为 ~2.7 × 107 ± 0.1 × 107 m3a−1。萨切冰川是在喜马拉雅中部观测到的第一个涌流型冰川，但这与之前的全球分析一致，该分析表明该地区应该存在涌流型冰川。我们假设浪涌至少部分受冰下地形控制，其中主要的冰下过度加深和收缩 3 公里的终点冰川提供了对从积聚区到消融区的冰川流动的阻力。这种过度加深似乎会储存质量，直到越过阈值，之后冰川从冰下洼地流出，并迅速涌过基岩边缘并沿着山谷向下流动。因此，虽然冰下过程（例如