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Tetrathienylethene based red aggregation-enhanced emission probes: super red-shifted mechanochromic behavior and highly photostable cell membrane imaging†
Materials Chemistry Frontiers ( IF 6.0 ) Pub Date : 2018-04-04 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1039/c8qm00008e
Jun-Jie Liu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Juliang Yang 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , Jin-Liang Wang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Zheng-Feng Chang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Bo Li 3, 4, 5, 11 , Wen-Ting Song 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Zujin Zhao 5, 12, 13, 14 , Xiaoding Lou 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , Jun Dai 9, 10, 15, 16, 17 , Fan Xia 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Affiliation  

A series of branched π-conjugated small molecular red fluorescent probes (TTE-4TPA, TTE-4DPT and TTE-4DTPA) with aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) characteristics have been synthesized for mechanochromic applications and cell imaging. These red fluorescent probes possess the same 1,1,2,2-tetra(thiophen-2-yl)ethene (TTE) core unit, but different branched terminal groups (triphenylamine (TPA), N,N-diphenylthiophen-2-amine (DPT), and N,N-diphenyl-4-vinylaniline (DTPA)). The photophysical properties, mechanochromic properties, and cell imaging behaviour based on these three red fluorescent probes are investigated. Absorption and emission spectra of TTE-4DPT and TTE-4DTPA showed obvious red-shifts by replacing TPA units with DTPA and DPT terminal groups owing to the enhanced π-conjugation of the molecule and more extended skeletons in comparison to TTE-4TPA. However, TTE-4TPA exhibited the highest fluorescence quantum efficiency of ca. 11% with the highest αAIE in the solid state owing to the most crowded skeletons. TTE-4TPA showed dramatic mechanochromic behaviour (from yellow to deep red powder) with extraordinary red shifts of fluorescence peaks (ca. 110 nm) after grinding. In contrast, TTE-4DPT exhibited a weak mechanochromic response with slight red shift after grinding. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments indicated that the mechanochromic mechanism is associated with a morphology change from the more loose crystalline state of TTE-4TPA and TTE-4DPT to the more compact amorphous state. Interestingly, the amorphous state of TTE-4DTPA is a promising cell membrane specific staining AEE probe with low cytotoxicity and excellent photostability. Rainbow imaging and three-dimensional imaging experiments were carried out to further prove the cell membrane specific staining property of TTE-4DTPA. These results demonstrated that the strategy for construction of red fluorescent probes with a TTE core and branched TPA analogue terminal groups not only has achieved AEE characteristics with high fluorescence quantum efficiency, but also has resulted in an excellent mechanochromic probe and a highly photostable cell membrane specific staining probe.

中文翻译:

基于四噻吩乙烯的红色聚集增强发射探针:超红移机械变色行为和高度光稳定的细胞膜成像

合成了一系列具有聚集增强发射(AEE)特性的分支π共轭小分子红色荧光探针(TTE-4TPATTE-4DPTTTE-4DTPA),用于机械变色应用和细胞成像。这些红色荧光探针具有相同的1,1,2,2-四(噻吩-2-基)乙烯(TTE)核心单元,但具有不同的分支末端基团(三苯胺(TPA),NN -N-二苯基噻吩-2-胺(DPT),以及NN-二苯基-4-乙烯基苯胺(DTPA))。研究了基于这三种红色荧光探针的光物理性质,机械变色性质和细胞成像行为。TTE-4DPTTTE-4DTPA的吸收和发射光谱显示出明显的红移,这是由于与TTE-4TPA相比,分子的π共轭增强和骨架延伸得更多,因此用DTPA和DPT末端基团取代了TPA单元。但是,TTE-4TPA的荧光量子效率最高11%具有最高α AIE由于最拥挤的骨架在固体状态。TTE-4TPA研磨后表现出显着的机械变色行为(从黄色到深红色粉末),荧光峰(110 nm)具有非同寻常的红移。相比之下,TTE-4DPT表现出较弱的机械变色响应,研磨后出现轻微的红移。粉末X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)实验表明,机械变色机理与从TTE-4TPATTE-4DPT的较松散结晶态到更致密的非晶态的形态变化有关。有趣的是,TTE-4DTPA的非晶态是一种有前途的细胞膜特异性染色AEE探针,具有低细胞毒性和出色的光稳定性。进行了彩虹成像和三维成像实验,以进一步证明TTE-4DTPA的细胞膜特异性染色特性。这些结果表明,构建具有TTE核心和支链TPA模拟端基的红色荧光探针的策略不仅获得了具有高荧光量子效率的AEE特性,而且还导致了出色的机械变色探针和高度光稳定的细胞膜特异性染色探针。
更新日期:2018-04-04
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