Performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries highly rely on local conditions inside electrodes during operation. In this paper, local physical conditions inside a standard graphite electrode are explored at various C-rate and mass-loading with a physic-based model, validated with electrochemical experiments.

The typical equilibrium potential curve of graphite controls strongly the intercalation heterogeneity along thickness and this heterogeneity is maximal for state of charge corresponding to regions of flat equilibrium potential. Indeed, a flat equilibrium potential promotes lithiation disparities along thickness, whereas a variable equilibrium potential enhances a quick return to a homogeneous lithiated electrode. Current and mass loading affect proportionally these heterogeneities, which are linked with a decrease in cell performance. A correlation between heterogeneities and equivalent resistances interpolated from galvanostatic discharge is found. Pathway resistances calculated from simulation outputs indicate preferential locations of intercalation under operation, depending on the difference between the local and global equilibrium potential of the graphite electrode.

锂离子电池的性能和耐用性在很大程度上取决于运行过程中电极内部的局部条件。在本文中，利用基于物理的模型，通过电化学实验验证了在各种C速率和质量负载下，标准石墨电极内部的局部物理条件。

石墨的典型平衡电势曲线强烈地控制了沿厚度的插层非均质性，并且该非均质性在对应于平坦平衡电势区域的电荷状态下最大。实际上，平坦的平衡电势会促进沿厚度的锂电差异，而可变的平衡电势会促进快速返回均质锂化电极。电流和质量负载按比例影响这些异质性，这些异质性与电池性能的下降有关。发现不均匀性与恒电流放电内插的等效电阻之间的相关性。根据模拟输出计算得出的通道阻力表示操作中插层的优先位置，