Paraneoplastic Ma Family (PNMA) comprises a growing number of family members which share relatively conserved protein sequences encoded by the human genome and is localized to several human chromosomes, including the X-chromosome. Based on sequence analysis, PNMA family members share sequence homology to the Gag protein of LTR retrotransposon, and several family members with aberrant protein expressions have been reported to be closely associated with the human Paraneoplastic Disorder (PND). In addition, gene mutations of specific members of PNMA family are known to be associated with human mental retardation or 3-M syndrome consisting of restrictive post-natal growth or dwarfism, and development of skeletal abnormalities. Other than sequence homology, the physiological function of many members in this family remains unclear. However, several members of this family have been characterized, including cell signalling events mediated by these proteins that are associated with apoptosis, and cancer in different cell types. Furthermore, while certain PNMA family members show restricted gene expression in the human brain and testis, other PNMA family members exhibit broader gene expression or preferential and selective protein interaction profiles, suggesting functional divergence within the family. Functional analysis of some members of this family have identified protein domains that are required for subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and cell signalling events which are the focus of this review paper.

副肿瘤Ma家族（PNMA）包含越来越多的家族成员，这些家族成员共享由人类基因组编码的相对保守的蛋白质序列，并位于包括X染色体在内的多个人类染色体上。基于序列分析，PNMA家族成员与LTR反转录转座子的Gag蛋白具有序列同源性，据报道，一些蛋白表达异常的家族成员与人类副肿瘤疾病（PND）密切相关。另外，已知PNMA家族的特定成员的基因突变与人类智力低下或3-M综合征有关，后者由限制性的出生后生长或侏儒症以及骨骼异常的发展组成。除序列同源性外，该家族中许多成员的生理功能仍不清楚。然而，已经对该家族的几个成员进行了表征，包括由这些蛋白介导的与细胞凋亡相关的细胞信号转导事件，以及不同细胞类型的癌症。此外，虽然某些PNMA家族成员在人脑和睾丸中显示出受限制的基因表达，但其他PNMA家族成员则表现出更广泛的基因表达或优先和选择性的蛋白质相互作用，表明该家族中的功能存在差异。该家族某些成员的功能分析已确定亚细胞定位，蛋白-蛋白相互作用和细胞信号转导事件所需的蛋白结构域，这是本文的重点。和不同细胞类型的癌症。此外，虽然某些PNMA家族成员在人脑和睾丸中显示出受限制的基因表达，但其他PNMA家族成员则表现出更广泛的基因表达或优先和选择性的蛋白质相互作用，表明该家族中的功能存在差异。该家族某些成员的功能分析已确定亚细胞定位，蛋白-蛋白相互作用和细胞信号转导事件所需的蛋白结构域，这是本文的重点。和不同细胞类型的癌症。此外，虽然某些PNMA家族成员在人脑和睾丸中显示出受限制的基因表达，但其他PNMA家族成员则表现出更广泛的基因表达或优先和选择性的蛋白质相互作用，表明该家族中的功能存在差异。该家族某些成员的功能分析已确定亚细胞定位，蛋白-蛋白相互作用和细胞信号转导事件所需的蛋白结构域，这是本文的重点。