Abstract The new tendency to detect adulterated honey is the development of affordable analytical equipment that is in-line and manageable, enabling rapid on site screening. Therefore, the aim of this work was to apply an electronic tongue based on potential multistep pulse voltammetry, in combination with multivariate statistical techniques to detect and quantify syrup in honey. Pure monofloral honey (heather, orange blossom and sunflower), syrup (rice, barley and corn), and samples simulating adulterated honey with different percentages of syrup (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40) were evaluated. An automatic, electrochemical system for cleaning and polishing the electronic tongue sensors (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au) significantly improved the repeatability and accuracy of the measurements. PCA analysis showed that the proposed methodology is able to distinguish between types of pure honey and syrup, and their different levels of adulterants. A subsequent PLS analysis successfully predicted the level of the adulterants in each honey, achieving good correlations considering the adjusting parameters. The best results being for sunflower honey adulterated with corn syrup and heather honey with barley syrup (r2 = 0.997), and heather with corn (r2 = 0.994) whereas the weakest was found for heather honey adulterated with brown rice syrup (r2 = 0.763) and orange blossom honey with corn syrup (r2 = 0.879). The measurement system here proposed could be a very quick and effective option for the honey packaging sector with the finality of providing information about a characteristic as important as the adulteration of honey.

中文翻译：

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使用自动脉冲伏安电子舌监测蜂蜜掺假糖浆

摘要 检测掺假蜂蜜的新趋势是开发可负担得起的在线和可管理分析设备，从而实现快速现场筛查。因此，这项工作的目的是应用基于潜在多步脉冲伏安法的电子舌，结合多元统计技术来检测和量化蜂蜜中的糖浆。对纯单花蜂蜜（石南花、橙花和向日葵）、糖浆（大米、大麦和玉米）以及模拟掺假蜂蜜与不同糖浆百分比（2.5、5、10、20 和 40）的样品进行了评估。用于清洁和抛光电子舌传感器（Ir、Rh、Pt、Au）的自动电化学系统显着提高了测量的可重复性和准确性。PCA 分析表明，所提出的方法能够区分纯蜂蜜和糖浆的类型，以及它们不同程度的掺杂物。随后的 PLS 分析成功预测了每种蜂蜜中的掺假水平，考虑到调整参数，实现了良好的相关性。掺有玉米糖浆的向日葵蜂蜜和掺有大麦糖浆的石南花蜂蜜 (r2 = 0.997) 和掺玉米的石南花蜜 (r2 = 0.994) 的结果最好，而掺有糙米糖浆的石南花蜂蜜的结果最弱 (r2 = 0.763)和橙花蜂蜜与玉米糖浆 (r2 = 0.879)。这里提出的测量系统可能是蜂蜜包装行业的一个非常快速和有效的选择，最终提供有关与蜂蜜掺假一样重要的特征的信息。