Uniform dispersion of two-dimensional (2D) graphene materials in polymer matrices remains challenging. In this work, a novel layer-by-layer assembly strategy was developed to prepare a sophisticated nanostructure with highly dispersed 2D graphene oxide in a three-dimensional matrix consisting of one-dimensional bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers. This method is a breakthrough, with respect to the conventional static culture method for BC that involves multiple in situ layer-by-layer assembly steps at the interface between previously grown BC and the culture medium. In the as-prepared BC/GO nanocomposites, the GO nanosheets are mechanically bundled and chemically bonded with BC nanofibers via hydrogen bonding, forming an intriguing nanostructure. The sophisticated nanostructure of the BC/GO leads to greatly enhanced mechanical properties compared to those of bare BC. This strategy is versatile, facile, scalable, and can be promising for the development of high-performance BC-based nanocomposite hydrogels.

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二维（2D）石墨烯材料在聚合物基体中的均匀分散仍然具有挑战性。在这项工作中，开发了一种新颖的逐层组装策略，以在由一维细菌纤维素（BC）纳米纤维组成的三维基质中制备具有高度分散的二维氧化石墨烯的复杂纳米结构。相对于传统的BC静态培养方法来说，该方法是一个突破，该方法涉及在先前生长的BC和培养基之间的界面处进行多个原位逐层组装步骤。在所制备的 BC/GO 纳米复合材料中，GO 纳米片通过氢键与 BC 纳米纤维机械捆绑并化学键合，形成有趣的纳米结构。与裸 BC 相比，BC/GO 复杂的纳米结构使其机械性能大大增强。该策略具有通用性、简便性、可扩展性，有望用于高性能BC基纳米复合水凝胶的开发。

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