Diasporic bauxite represents one of the major aluminum resources. Its upgrading for further processing involves a separation of diaspore (the valuable mineral) from aluminosilicates (the gangue minerals) such as kaolinite, illite, and pyrophyllite. Flotation is one of the most effective ways to realize the upgrading. Since flotation is a physicochemical process based on the difference in the surface hydrophobicity of different components, determining the adsorption characteristics of various flotation surfactants on the mineral surfaces is critical. The surfactant adsorption properties of the minerals, in turn, are controlled by the surface chemistry of the minerals, while the latter is related to the mineral crystal structures. In this paper, we first discuss the crystal structures of the four key minerals of diaspore, kaolinite, illite, and pyrophyllite as well as the broken bonds on their exposed surfaces after grinding. Next, we summarize the surface chemistry properties such as surface wettability and surface electrical properties of the four minerals, and the differences in these properties are explained from the perspective of mineral crystal structures. Then we review the adsorption mechanism and adsorption characteristics of surfactants such as collectors (cationic, anionic, and mixed surfactants), depressants (inorganic and organic), dispersants, and flocculants on these mineral surfaces. The separation of diaspore and aluminosilicates by direct flotation and reverse flotation are reviewed, and the collecting properties of different types of collectors are compared. Furthermore, the abnormal behavior of the cationic flotation of kaolinite is also explained in this section. This review provides a strong theoretical support for the optimization of the upgrading of diaspore bauxite ore by flotation and the early industrialization of the reverse flotation process.

散发性铝土矿是主要的铝资源之一。对其进行升级以进行进一步处理涉及将硬铝石（有价值的矿物）与铝硅酸盐（石矿物）（例如高岭石，伊利石和叶蜡石）分离。浮选是实现升级的最有效方法之一。由于浮选是基于不同组分表面疏水性差异的物理化学过程，因此确定各种浮选表面活性剂在矿物表面上的吸附特性至关重要。反过来，矿物的表面活性剂吸附特性则由矿物的表面活性剂来控制。矿物的表面化学，而后者与矿物的晶体结构有关。在本文中，我们首先讨论了辉绿岩，高岭石，伊利石和叶蜡石这四种关键矿物的晶体结构，以及研磨后其裸露表面上的断裂键。接下来，我们总结了四种矿物的表面化学性质，如表面润湿性和表面电学性质，并从矿物晶体结构的角度解释了这些性质的差异。然后，我们综述了表面活性剂（例如捕收剂（阳离子，阴离子和混合表面活性剂），抑制剂（无机和有机），分散剂和絮凝剂）的吸附机理和吸附特性。在这些矿物表面上。综述了通过直接浮选和反向浮选分离出硬脂酸和铝硅酸盐，并比较了不同类型捕收剂的捕集性能。此外，本节还说明了高岭石阳离子浮选的异常行为。这篇综述为通过浮选优化水硬铝矿精矿的提纯以及反向浮选工艺的早期工业化提供了有力的理论支持。