Punishment involves learning about the relationship between behavior and its adverse consequences. Punishment is fundamental to reinforcement learning, decision-making and choice, and is disrupted in psychiatric disorders such as addiction, depression, and psychopathy. However, little is known about the brain mechanisms of punishment and much of what is known is derived from study of superficially similar, but fundamentally distinct, forms of aversive learning such as fear conditioning and avoidance learning. Here we outline the unique conditions that support punishment, the contents of its learning, and its behavioral consequences. We consider evidence implicating GABA and monoamine neurotransmitter systems, as well as corticostriatal, amygdala, and dopamine circuits in punishment. We show how maladaptive punishment processes are implicated in addictions, impulse control disorders, psychopathy, anxiety, and depression and argue that a better understanding of the cellular, circuit, and cognitive mechanisms of punishment will make important contributions to next generation therapeutic approaches.

中文翻译：

---

惩罚的行为和神经生物学机制：对精神疾病的影响。

惩罚包括了解行为与其不良后果之间的关系。惩罚是加强学习，决策和选择的基础，并且在成瘾，抑郁和精神病等精神疾病中受到破坏。然而，人们对惩罚的大脑机制知之甚少，而许多已知的知识都是来自对表面相似但基本不同的厌恶学习形式的研究，例如恐惧调节和回避学习。在这里，我们概述了支持惩罚的独特条件，其学习内容及其行为后果。我们考虑有证据表明，GABA和单胺神经递质系统以及皮质上皮，杏仁核和多巴胺回路参与惩罚。