Abstract This work examines electrokinetic remediation (ER) processes for removing Pb2+ in contaminated soils. For this purpose, different cathodic supporting electrolytes (NaNO3 0.1 M, EDTA 0.1 M and citric acid 0.1 M) were used into the catholyte reservoir, while in the anodic compartment, a solution of NaNO3 0.1 M was used. Additionally, the application of direct current (DC) and reverse polarity (RP) for removing of Pb2+ from the soil was also evaluated. Regarding to results obtained in this study indicated that RP and citric acid favored an efficient electromigration of Pb2+, favoring its elimination from the soil. This behavior can be explained because the elimination of Pb2+ depended on the dissolution/precipitation ionic species as well as the pH in the soil, which were maintaining in different sections in the soil, contributing to maintain the pH conditions, by using RP and citric acid, promoting the lead elimination. In order to use a feasible approach for monitoring Pb2+ concentration, adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique was used, obtaining acceptable confidence and good sensitivity for the concentration of Pb2+ with LOD about 0.1 mg L−1. Phytotoxicity tests showed that the ER process could be useful as a treatment technique for reducing hazardous soil toxicity polluted with Pb2+. The results confirmed the significant reduction of the germination in the anodic and cathodic regions for ER by applying DC with NaNO3 and EDTA as cathodic solutions. However, high germination (60–80%) was obtained for ER by using NaNO3 and citric acid solutions in cathodic compartments by applying RP or DC, respectively. Finally, the effluent generated by ER technology, in each one of experiments, was treated by electrocoagulation with Al electrodes, obtaining complete removal of Pb2+ from liquid after 60 min.

中文翻译：

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从土壤和水中去除和监测 Pb 2+ 的电化学技术的适用性

摘要 这项工作研究了用于去除受污染土壤中 Pb2+ 的电动修复 (ER) 过程。为此，将不同的阴极支持电解质（NaNO3 0.1 M、EDTA 0.1 M 和柠檬酸 0.1 M）用于阴极电解液容器中，而在阳极室中，使用的是 NaNO3 0.1 M 溶液。此外，还评估了使用直流 (DC) 和反极性 (RP) 从土壤中去除 Pb2+ 的应用。关于本研究中获得的结果，RP 和柠檬酸有利于 Pb2+ 的有效电迁移，有利于其从土壤中消除。可以解释这种行为，因为 Pb2+ 的消除取决于溶解/沉淀离子种类以及土壤中的 pH 值，它们在土壤的不同部分保持不变，有助于维持 pH 条件，通过使用 RP 和柠檬酸，促进铅的消除。为了使用一种可行的方法来监测 Pb2+ 浓度，使用了吸附溶出伏安法 (AdSV) 技术，获得了 LOD 约为 0.1 mg L-1 的 Pb2+ 浓度可接受的置信度和良好的灵敏度。植物毒性试验表明，ER 工艺可用作减少受 Pb2+ 污染的有害土壤毒性的处理技术。结果证实，通过使用 DC 和 NaNO3 和 EDTA 作为阴极溶液，ER 的阳极和阴极区域的发芽显着减少。然而，通过在阴极室中分别使用 RP 或 DC 使用 NaNO3 和柠檬酸溶液，ER 获得了高发芽率（60-80%）。最后，