Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are criticized, amongst other reasons, for their basis in ideas suited to the neoliberal political economy and for the unequal distribution of power inherent in such models. However, PES can be a natural resource management approach that combines social and environmental objectives so that they not only serve to protect ecosystems such as tropical forests and wetlands but also to improve social conditions and rural development. Particularly for community-based PES, tools are needed to bring transparency to PES institutional settings and actor constellations by revealing power relations, as well as to empower local actors to engage in social learning through participatory processes. Considering both of these aspects will improve the equity aspects of PES and establish a social context conducive to a payment scheme that considers local behaviors and attitudes towards conservation. Close collaboration – in knowledge co-production processes – between social science and practitioners can address these challenges and support the PES design and implementation process.

In this paper, we demonstrate how Net-Map, as a specific tool for Social Network Analysis (SNA), can make actor relations visible for the purpose of group discussion within participation processes. We present how the results of participatory Net-Map Interviews can be used for participatory PES development, implementation and evaluation. In particular, we explain and discuss this for three case studies in Costa Rica.

We conclude that this combination – using empirical data from social sciences for participatory planning – facilitates the creation of a common understanding of the PES-governance models, the creation of ownership, and the consolidation of transparency and trust amongst the participants, as well as reflection on the existing social capital necessary for implementation. The results of the Net-Map tool support the design of inclusive and adaptive processes that shape institutions, choices, design and the implementation of policy instruments such as PES. The additional value of the tool is that it makes these processes transparent by generating knowledge during a participatory process and helps to balance the actors’ interests and values. This method of undertaking research in combination with workshops has its limitations, as it reveals – to a group – confidential information given in personal interviews. Further, for the scenario development of PES design, actors must have a certain level of openness and creativity so that the PES design does not merely end up being a copy of the initially net-mapped PES example.

除其他原因外，人们还批评了生态系统服务付费（PES），因为它们基于适合新自由主义政治经济学的思想基础，并且在这种模式中固有的权力分配不均。但是，PES可以是一种结合了社会和环境目标的自然资源管理方法，这样它们不仅可以保护热带森林和湿地等生态系统，而且可以改善社会条件和农村发展。特别是对于基于社区的PES，需要通过揭示权力关系来使PES机构环境和参与者群体透明化的工具，并需要使本地参与者通过参与过程参与社会学习的工具。同时考虑这两个方面将改善PES的公平性，并建立一个有利于考虑当地行为和对保护态度的付款方案的社会环境。社会科学和从业者之间在知识共同生产过程中的紧密合作可以应对这些挑战并支持PES设计和实施过程。

在本文中，我们演示了Net-Map作为社交网络分析（SNA）的特定工具如何使参与者关系可见，以便在参与过程中进行小组讨论。我们介绍了如何将参与式网络地图访谈的结果用于参与式PES的开发，实施和评估。特别是，我们将在哥斯达黎加的三个案例研究中对此进行解释和讨论。

我们得出的结论是，这种结合-使用来自社会科学的经验数据进行参与性计划-有助于建立对PES治理模式的共识，所有权的建立以及参与者之间透明度和信任的巩固以及反思实施所需的现有社会资本。Net-Map工具的结果支持设计包容性和适应性流程，从而塑造机构，选择，设计以及诸如PES之类的政策工具的实施。该工具的附加价值在于，通过在参与性过程中生成知识，可以使这些过程透明化，并有助于平衡参与者的利益和价值。这种结合研究进行研究的方法有其局限性，向一群人透露了在个人访谈中提供的机密信息。此外，对于PES设计的场景开发，参与者必须具有一定程度的开放性和创造力，以便PES设计不仅可以最终成为最初的网络映射PES示例的副本。