Over the past several years, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have developed rapidly. One of the hot topics with perovskite solar cells is how to achieve a high quality perovskite thin film. A Lewis acid–base adduct is effective for controlling perovskite morphology during the film preparation process. Zinc ion (Zn²⁺) is a stronger Lewis acid than lead ion (Pb²⁺) and it has a high ability to coordinate with methylamine groups (CH₃NH₃⁺), so it is doped into perovskite precursors to substitute for Pb²⁺ to influence crystallization during the annealing process. In this work, by adjusting zinc ion's concentration, high quality perovskite films with larger grain sizes and fewer pinholes were obtained. Finally, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells based on optimal concentration reached to 16.3% (with an open circuit voltage of 1.06 V, short circuit current density of 21.98 mA cm⁻², and fill factor of 70%), resulting in a 34.7% improvement compared to a pristine one. Our work highlights the metal-ion additive as an effective method to control perovskite film quality.

中文翻译：

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锌离子可作为钙钛矿太阳能电池中有效的薄膜形态控制剂†

在过去的几年中，有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池发展迅速。钙钛矿太阳能电池的热门话题之一是如何获得高质量的钙钛矿薄膜。刘易斯酸碱加合物可有效地控制膜制备过程中的钙钛矿形态。锌离子（Zn ²⁺）是一种比铅离子（Pb ²⁺）更强的路易斯酸，并且具有很高的与甲胺基（CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺）配位的能力，因此它被掺入钙钛矿前体中以代替Pb。²⁺在退火过程中影响结晶。在这项工作中，通过调节锌离子的浓度，可以获得具有更大晶粒尺寸和更少针孔的高质量钙钛矿薄膜。最后，基于最佳浓度的太阳能电池的平均功率转换效率（PCE）达到16.3％（开路电压为1.06 V，短路电流密度为21.98 mA cm ^-2，填充系数为70％），与原始相比，结果提高了34.7％。我们的工作强调了金属离子添加剂是控制钙钛矿薄膜质量的有效方法。