Sub-chronic toxicity of environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations on exposed tadpoles and adult male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) was evaluated in a quality controlled laboratory for 90 days. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of atrazine on the survival, growth and gonad development of African clawed frogs. After exposure of tadpoles to atrazine concentrations of 0 (control), 0.01, 200 and 500 μg L⁻¹ in water, mortality rates of 0, 0, 3.3 and 70% respectively were recorded for the 90 day exposure period. Morphometry showed significantly reduced tadpole mass in the 500 μg L⁻¹ atrazine exposed tadpoles (p < 0.05). Light microscopy on testes of adult frogs exposed to the same atrazine concentrations using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Van Gieson staining techniques revealed gonadal atrophy, disruption of germ cell lines, seminiferous tubule structure damage and formation of extensive connective tissue around seminiferous tubules of frogs exposed to 200 μg L⁻¹ and 500 μg L⁻¹ atrazine concentrations. Ultrastructural analysis of the cellular organelles using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed significant amounts of damaged mitochondria in testosterone producing Leydig cells as well as Sertoli cells. Biochemical analysis revealed reduced serum testosterone levels in adult frogs at all exposure levels as well as presence of six atrazine metabolites in frog serum and liver. The results indicate that atrazine concentrations greater than the calculated LC50 of 343.7 μg L⁻¹ cause significant mortality in tadpoles, while concentrations ≥200 μg L⁻¹ adversely affect reproductive health of adult frogs and development of tadpoles sub-chronically exposed to atrazine.

在质量控制的实验室中评估了环境相关的at去津浓度对裸露的and和成年雄性非洲爪蛙（Xenopus laevis）的亚慢性毒性，该试验在质量控制的实验室中进行了90天的评估。这项研究的目的是确定阿特拉津对非洲爪蛙的存活，生长和性腺发育的影响。将of暴露于水中的at去津浓度为0（对照组），0.01、200和500μgL ^-1后，在90天的暴露期内死亡率分别为0、0、3.3和70％。形态计量学表明，暴露于500μgL ^-1阿特拉津的t中的mass质量显着降低（p < 0.05）。使用苏木精和曙红（H＆E）和Van Gieson染色技术对暴露于相同at去津浓度的成年青蛙的睾丸进行光学显微镜检查，发现其性腺萎缩，生殖细胞系破坏，生精小管结构破坏以及青蛙生精小管周围广泛的结缔组织形成暴露于200μgL ^-1和500μgL ^-1阿特拉津浓度。使用透射电子显微镜（TEM）对细胞器进行超微结构分析，结果表明睾丸激素产生的Leydig细胞和Sertoli细胞中的线粒体明显受损。生化分析显示，在所有暴露水平下，成年青蛙的血清睾丸激素水平降低，并且青蛙血清和肝脏中存在六种at去津代谢物。结果表明，at去津浓度高于计算出的LC50值343.7μgL ^-1会导致significant的显着死亡，而浓度≥200μgL ^-1则不利地影响成年青蛙的生殖健康和sub长期暴露于azine去津的development的发育。