Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) chemistry have led to the rapid development of research on the emerging 2D inorganic nanomaterials in various fields, such as condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, biology, and nanotechnology. As a special cross-disciplinary research frontier, 2D inorganic nanosheets for oncological applications, which are capable of accomplishing desirable theranostic performance, have attracted great attention from the scientific community in recent years. In this review, we summarize the underlying fundamental principles for the material chemistry of the 2D inorganic family in cancer theranostics and nano-enabled amalgamation of material chemistry and oncology on the basis of the recent progress in theranostic platforms based on 2D inorganic nanosheets. Moreover, current challenges and perspectives on the development of 2D inorganic nanosheets for further clinical translations are also discussed. It is expected that this emerging 2D inorganic family will play a vital role in next-generation cancer theranostics.

二维（2D）化学的最新进展已导致对诸如凝聚态物理，材料科学，化学，生物学和纳米技术等各个领域中新兴的2D无机纳米材料的研究迅速发展。作为特殊的跨学科研究前沿，用于肿瘤学的二维无机纳米片材能够实现理想的治疗诊断性能，近年来引起了科学界的极大关注。在本综述中，我们基于基于2D无机纳米片的治疗学平台的最新进展，总结了2D无机家族在癌症治疗学中的基本化学基本原理以及材料化学和肿瘤学的纳米混合技术。而且，还讨论了二维无机纳米片材发展用于进一步临床翻译的当前挑战和观点。可以预期，这个新兴的2D无机物家族将在下一代癌症治疗学中发挥至关重要的作用。