Objective:

Deficits in reward processing are established in mood and substance use disorders and are known risk factors for these disorders. Volume reductions of the orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum, regions that subserve neural response to reward, have been shown to be related to anhedonia in depressive and substance use disorders. The authors sought to investigate how structural maturation of these regions in childhood varies with level of anhedonia and predicts later substance use.

Method:

The study employed data from a sample of depressed and healthy preschoolers studied longitudinally that included three waves of neuroimaging from school age to adolescence. Three years after scan 3, at ages 13–18, participants underwent a comprehensive behavioral and substance use assessment. Multilevel modeling was used to investigate the relationship between anhedonia and the growth trajectories of the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models were then used to determine whether the intercepts and slopes of these trajectories predicted later alcohol and marijuana use frequency in adolescence.

Results:

The anhedonia-by-age interaction was significant in the multilevel modeling of orbitofrontal cortical but not striatal volume. Higher anhedonia ratings were significantly associated with steeper decline in orbitofrontal cortical volume with age. Orbitofrontal cortical volume and thickness at age 12 and trajectory over time significantly and negatively predicted subsequent alcohol and marijuana use frequency but not depression during adolescence.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that the development of the orbitofrontal cortex during childhood is strongly linked to experiences of anhedonia and that these growth trajectories predict substance use during a developmentally critical period.

中文翻译：

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在抑郁和健康的学龄前儿童的纵向样本中，儿童中期的眶额皮质和快感缺乏症的发育轨迹以及青春期使用物质的风险

客观的：

奖励处理的缺陷是在情绪和物质使用障碍中建立的，并且是这些障碍的已知危险因素。眼眶额叶皮层和纹状体的体积减少是神经元对奖赏有益的区域，已被证明与抑郁症和药物滥用疾病中的快感缺乏有关。作者试图调查儿童时期这些区域的结构成熟度如何随着快感不足水平的变化而变化，并预测以后的物质使用情况。

方法：

该研究采用了来自抑郁和健康的学龄前儿童样本的数据，这些样本进行了纵向研究，包括从学龄到青春期的三波神经影像波。扫描3后三年，即13-18岁，参与者进行了全面的行为和药物使用评估。多层次模型被用来研究无力状态与纹状体和眶额皮质的生长轨迹之间的关系。然后使用零膨胀的Poisson回归模型来确定这些轨迹的截距和斜率是否预测了青春期以后的酒精和大麻使用频率。

结果：

按年龄进行的狂躁症交互作用在眶额皮质的多层次建模中非常重要，但纹状体体积则不明显。随着年龄的增长，高躁狂症评分与眶额皮层容量的急剧下降显着相关。12岁时眶额皮质的体积和厚度以及随着时间的推移轨迹显着，并且负面地预测了随后的酒精和大麻使用频率，但在青春期却没有抑郁。

结论：

这些发现表明，儿童时期眶额皮质的发育与快感缺乏症密切相关，并且这些生长轨迹预测发育关键时期的物质使用。