Leakage from geologic faults and abandoned wells represents one of the major risks to industrial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. Current CCS regulations and best practice guidance suggest that operators emplace risk-informed monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) plans to protect public safety and reduce property and environmental damage. Deep subsurface pressure monitoring is regarded as one of the most cost-effective technologies for early leakage detection in CCS projects. In practice, however, the number of deep pressure monitoring wells that an operator can deploy often remains limited because of the high costs associated with drilling, instrumenting, and operating these wells. Thus, optimal design of the pressure monitoring network is essential to minimizing monitoring and liability costs and gaining public support. In this work, we present a general, binary integer programming approach to solve an optimal monitoring well network design problem under multiple constraints. Specifically, our approach helps a CCS operator to design a cost-optimal monitoring network that covers all potentially leaky locations (in a worst-case-scenario sense) while satisfying a prescribed carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage performance criterion and considering geological uncertainty. Instead of using cost surrogates as has been done in many other studies, our formulation allows the user to directly assess total costs in terms of monitoring costs and potential economic losses associated with brine and CO₂ leakage. Our numerical examples demonstrate that a cost-optimal monitoring network may save millions of dollars in total costs, including well construction and leakage costs. Factors exerting the most impact on the cost-optimal monitoring network design are unit leakage damage costs, pressure threshold for leakage detection, and geological uncertainty.

地质断层和废弃井的泄漏是工业规模碳捕集与封存（CCS）项目的主要风险之一。当前的CCS法规和最佳实践指南建议运营商实施风险告知性的监视，验证和会计（MVA）计划，以保护公共安全并减少财产和环境破坏。在CCS项目中，深层地下压力监测被认为是用于早期泄漏检测的最具成本效益的技术之一。然而，实际上，由于与钻井，仪表和操作这些井相关的高成本，操作员可以部署的深层压力监测井的数量经常受到限制。因此，压力监控网络的优化设计对于最小化监控和责任成本以及获得公众支持至关重要。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种通用的二进制整数规划方法，以解决在多个约束条件下的最佳监测井网络设计问题。具体来说，我们的方法可帮助CCS运营商设计成本最低的监控网络，以覆盖规定的二氧化碳（CO₂）存储性能准则并考虑地质不确定性。我们的公式代替了许多其他研究中已经使用的成本替代方法，而是使用户可以根据监视成本以及与盐水和CO ₂泄漏相关的潜在经济损失，直接评估总成本。我们的数值示例表明，成本最优的监控网络可以节省包括钻井建设和泄漏成本在内的总成本数百万美元。对成本优化监控网络设计影响最大的因素是单位泄漏损坏成本，泄漏检测压力阈值和地质不确定性。