Background

Exposure to cadmium (Cd) via food is supposed to affect life prognosis of inhabitants of Cd-polluted area in Japan. However, there have been few reports demonstrating a significant relationship between the amount of Cd intake and mortality. We aimed to investigate the relationship between mortality and individual lifetime Cd intake (LCd) in inhabitants of the polluted Jinzu River basin, Toyama, Japan.

Methods

We conducted a 26-year follow-up survey in 2407 inhabitants (1208 men and 1199 women) who participated in health examinations for screening of renal dysfunction from 1979 to 1984. The calculation of LCd in each inhabitant was based on the formula of Nogawa (Nogawa et al., 1989): (mean Cd concentration in rice of the present hamlet × 333.5 g/day + 34 μg/day) × 365 days/year × number of years of residence in the present hamlet + 50 μg/day × 365 days/year × number of years living in Cd non-polluted regions. In this formula, 333.5 g/day is the 1970 average daily intake of rice in this area, 34 µg/day is the Cd intake from foods other than rice in this area, and 50 μg/day is the average intake of Cd in non-polluted areas in Japan. Mortality risk ratios of LCd for all and specific causes were estimated after adjustments for age at baseline, smoking status, and history of hypertension using a Cox hazard model or Fine and Gray competing risks regression model.

Results

The mortality risk ratios of LCd (+ 1 g) for all causes in women were significantly dose-dependently increased (risk ratio: 1.08). Relative risk of LCd for kidney and urinal tract disease, renal diseases, renal failure and toxic effects of cadmium were significantly higher in women.

Conclusions

The present study documents that individual LCd dose-dependently decreased life prognosis over long-term observation in women. LCd was significantly related to the increased mortality for renal disease and toxic effect of Cd in women. The result provides clear evidence that life prognosis was adversely affected by Cd-exposure, especially in women.

中文翻译：

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终生镉摄入量的增加依赖剂量增加了日本富山县金津河流域受镉污染的女性居民的所有死亡原因。

背景

通过食物接触镉（Cd）可能会影响日本镉污染地区居民的生活预后。但是，几乎没有报道表明Cd摄入量与死亡率之间存在显着关系。我们旨在调查日本富山市金祖河流域居民的死亡率与个人终生Cd摄入量（LCd）之间的关系。

方法

我们对1979年至1984年参加健康检查以筛查肾脏功能障碍的2407位居民（1208名男性和1199名女性）进行了26年的随访调查。每位居民中LCd的计算均基于Nogawa的公式（ Nogawa et al。，1989）：（当前小村庄的大米中Cd的平均浓度×333.5 g /天+ 34μg/天）×365天/年×在当前小村庄中的居住年数+ 50μg/天× 365天/年×在镉无污染地区居住的年数。在此公式中，该地区1970年的日平均米摄入量为333.5 g / day，该区域中除大米以外的其他食物中Cd的摄入量为34 µg /天，非谷物中Cd的平均摄入量为50μg/天-日本的污染地区。在调整基线年龄后，估算了所有和特定原因的LCd的死亡率风险比，

结果

妇女所有原因的LCd（+1 g）的死亡风险比均显着剂量依赖性增加（风险比：1.08）。女性患LCd的肾脏和小便道疾病，肾脏疾病，肾衰竭和镉的毒性作用的相对风险显着更高。

结论

本研究表明，与长期观察相比，个体LCd剂量依赖性地降低了妇女的生命预后。LCd与女性肾脏疾病的死亡率增加和Cd的毒性作用显着相关。结果提供了明确的证据，表明镉暴露对生命预后产生了不利影响，尤其是在女性中。