During the last two decades, 2D optical techniques have been extended to the visible range, targeting electronic transitions. Since the report of the very first 2D electronic measurement (Hybl et al. in J Chem Phys 115:6606–6622, [2001]), two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) has allowed fundamentally new insights into the structure and dynamics of condensed-phase systems (Ginsberg et al. in Acc Chem Res 42:1352–1363, 2009; Jonas in Annu Rev Phys Chem 54:425–463, 2003), producing experiments that measure correlations among electronic states of an absorbing species within complex systems. 2DES is used to investigate photo-physical phenomena involving electronic or vibrational couplings in multi-chromophoric systems [energy transfer in photosynthesis is one great example of how 2DES can disentangle various energy transfer pathways (Brixner et al. in Nature 625–628, 2005; Engel et al. in Nature 446:782–786, 2007; Collini et al. in Nature 463:644–647, 2010)], but also ultrafast photochemical processes in which the tracked molecules change permanently or are heterogeneous (Ruetzel et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:4764–4769, 2014; Consani et al. in Science 339:1586–1589, 2013). We divide this chapter according to some of the major areas that have been established thanks to 2DES in the following fields: heterogeneity of systems, excitation energy transfer mechanisms, photo-induced coherent oscillations associated with electronic and vibrational couplings, and complex chemical reactions (Fig. 1).

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在过去的二十年中，二维光学技术已扩展到可见光范围，以电子转换为目标。自从首次二维电子测量的报告（Hybl等人在J Chem Phys 115：6606–6622，[ 2001 ]）发表以来，二维电子光谱法（2DES）从根本上为凝结物的结构和动力学提供了新的见解。 -PHASE系统（金斯堡等人在化学加速RES 42：1352至1363年，2009年;启物理学化学54乔纳斯在Annu：425-463，2003），进行测量复杂系统内吸收物种电子状态之间相关性的实验。二维情感空间是用来调查涉及电子或振动耦合的多发色系统[光合作用能量转移的二维情感空间如何能够解开各种能量传递途径（Brixner等一个很好的例子在Nature 625-628，光的物理现象。2005 ; Engel等人在Nature 446：782-786，2007 ;柯里尼等人在Nature 463：644-647。2010）]，而且还超快其中所跟踪的分子永久地改变或为异质（光化学过程Ruetzel等。2014年Proc Natl Acad Sci 111：4764–4769 ； Consani等人，2013年科学339：1586–1589）。我们根据2DES在以下领域建立的一些主要领域对本章进行了划分：系统的异质性，激发能传递机制，与电子和振动耦合相关的光致相干振荡以及复杂的化学反应（图。  1）。

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