Abstract This study investigated the public health risk linked with microbial quality of drinking water from vending machines in Seri Kembangan city (Malaysia) using epidemiological and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) approaches. This study was also conducted to understand associations between reported health symptoms and daily water intake information. Following WHO guidelines on water safety, QMRA were performed was to estimate burden of disease from E. coli from water vending machines. Triplicate drinking water samples from water vending machines were collected from six sampling areas around the city, analysed for E. coli, information of health symptoms and daily water intake was obtained from 121 respondents by questionnaires. The results indicated the highest numbers of E. coli levels were found in Seri Serdang (45–68 CFU/100 mL) and Taman Pinggiran Putra (45–62 CFU/100 mL). Escherichia coli levels in drinking water samples from water vending machines obtained from Seri Serdang, Taman Pinggiran Putra, Taman Equine, Balakong and Serdang Jaya exceeded both Malaysian Drinking Water Quality and WHO Drinking Water Quality guidelines. Reported health symptoms were only significantly linked to brand which likely to be associated with regular maintenance of water vending machine. All the drinking water samples from water vending machines except from Lestari Perdana have exceeded the health based target outcomes by QMRA. Combination of epidemiology and quantitative microbial risk assessment have provided a clear understanding of public health risks and gateway for a better management of water vending machines.

中文翻译：

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来自 Seri Kembangan（马来西亚）的自动售货机饮用水的公共卫生风险评估

摘要 本研究使用流行病学和定量微生物风险评估 (QMRA) 方法调查了与斯里肯邦安市（马来西亚）自动售货机饮用水微生物质量相关的公共卫生风险。本研究还旨在了解报告的健康症状与每日饮水量信息之间的关联。遵循世卫组织关于水安全的指导方针，进行了 QMRA 以估计来自自动售货机的大肠杆菌的疾病负担。取自全市6个采样区的自动售水机饮用水样品一式三份，进行大肠杆菌分析，通过问卷调查从121名受访者中获得健康症状和每日饮水量信息。结果表明 E 的数量最多。在 Serdang (45–68 CFU/100 mL) 和 Taman Pinggiran Putra (45–62 CFU/100 mL) 中发现大肠杆菌水平。来自 Serdang、Taman Pinggiran Putra、Taman Equine、Balakong 和 Serdang Jaya 的自动售水机的饮用水样本中的大肠杆菌含量超过了马来西亚饮用水质量和世界卫生组织饮用水质量指南。报告的健康症状仅与品牌显着相关，这可能与自动售货机的定期维护有关。除了 Lestari Perdana 之外，所有来自自动售货机的饮用水样本都超过了 QMRA 基于健康的目标结果。流行病学和定量微生物风险评估相结合，为更好地管理自动售货机提供了对公共卫生风险的清晰理解和门户。