The detectability of adjacency effects (AE) in ocean color remote sensing by SeaWiFS, MODIS-A, MERIS, OLCI, OLI and MSI is theoretically assessed for typical observation conditions up to 36 km offshore (20 km for MSI). The methodology detailed in Bulgarelli et al. (2014) is applied to expand previous investigations to the wide range of terrestrial land covers and water types usually encountered in mid-latitude coastal environments. Simulations fully account for multiple scattering within a stratified atmosphere bounded by a non-uniform reflecting surface, sea surface roughness, sun position and off-nadir sensor view. A harmonized comparison of AE is ensured by adjusting the radiometric sensitivity of each sensor to the same input radiance. Results show that average AE in data from MODIS-A, and from MERIS and OLCI in reduced spatial resolution, are still above the sensor noise level (NL) at 36 km offshore, except for AE caused by green vegetation at the red wavelengths. Conversely, in data from the less sensitive SeaWiFS, OLI and MSI sensors, as well as from MERIS and OLCI in full spatial resolution, sole AE caused by highly reflecting land covers (such as snow, dry vegetation, white sand and concrete) are above the sensor NL throughout the transect, while AE originated from green vegetation and bare soil at visible wavelengths may become lower than NL at close distance from the coast. Such a distance increases with the radiometric resolution of the sensor. It is finally observed that AE are slightly sensitive to the water type only at the blue wavelengths. Notably, for an atmospheric correction scheme inferring the aerosol properties from NIR data, perturbations induced by AE at NIR and visible wavelengths might compensate each other. As a consequence, biases induced by AE on radiometric products (e.g., the water-leaving radiance) are not strictly correlated to the intensity of the reflectance of the nearby land.

中文翻译：

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SeaWiFS、MODIS-A、MERIS、OLCI、OLI和MSI对中纬度沿海环境海洋颜色遥感邻接效应的可检测性研究


SeaWiFS、MODIS-A、MERIS、OLCI、OLI 和 MSI 海洋颜色遥感中邻接效应 (AE) 的可检测性在理论上评估了离岸 36 公里（MSI 为 20 公里）的典型观测条件。 Bulgarelli 等人详细介绍了该方法。 （2014）被应用于将先前的调查扩展到中纬度沿海环境中通常遇到的广泛陆地覆盖和水域类型。模拟充分考虑了由不均匀反射面、海面粗糙度、太阳位置和偏离最低点传感器视图界定的分层大气内的多重散射。通过将每个传感器的辐射灵敏度调整到相同的输入辐射率，可以确保 AE 的协调比较。结果表明，MODIS-A 以及降低空间分辨率的 MERIS 和 OLCI 数据中的平均 AE 仍然高于离岸 36 km 处的传感器噪声水平 (NL)，但红色波长下绿色植被引起的 AE 除外。相反，在来自不太敏感的 SeaWiFS、OLI 和 MSI 传感器以及全空间分辨率的 MERIS 和 OLCI 的数据中，由高反射土地覆盖（例如雪、干燥植被、白沙和混凝土）引起的唯一 AE 高于传感器 NL 贯穿整个样带，而来自绿色植被和裸露土壤的 AE 在可见光波长下可能会在距海岸较近的地方低于 NL。这样的距离随着传感器的辐射分辨率的增加而增加。最后观察到，AE 仅在蓝色波长处对水类型稍微敏感。值得注意的是，对于从近红外数据推断气溶胶特性的大气校正方案，近红外和可见波长处的声发射引起的扰动可能会相互补偿。 因此，AE 对辐射产品（例如，离水辐射率）引起的偏差与附近陆地的反射强度并不严格相关。