Although potent effects of psychoactive drugs on circadian rhythms were first described over 30 years ago, research into the reciprocal relationship between the reward system and the circadian system – and the impact of this relationship on addiction – has only become a focus in the last decade. Nonetheless, great progress has been made in that short time toward understanding how drugs of abuse impact the molecular and physiological circadian clocks, as well as how disruption of normal circadian rhythm biology may contribute to addiction and ameliorate the efficacy of treatments for addiction. In particular, data have emerged demonstrating that disrupted circadian rhythms, such as those observed in shift workers and adolescents, increase susceptibility to addiction. Furthermore, circadian rhythms and addiction impact one another longitudinally – specifically from adolescence to the elderly. In this review, the current understanding of how the circadian clock interacts with substances of abuse within the context of age-dependent changes in rhythmicity, including the potential existence of a drug-sensitive clock, the correlation between chronotype and addiction vulnerability, and the importance of rhythmicity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is discussed. The primary focus is on alcohol addiction, as the preponderance of research is in this area, with references to other addictions as warranted. The implications of clock-drug interactions for the treatment of addiction will also be reviewed, and the potential of therapeutics that reset the circadian rhythm will be highlighted.

尽管在30年前首次描述了精神药物对昼夜节律的有效作用，但对奖赏系统和昼夜节律系统之间的相互关系以及这种关系对成瘾的影响的研究仅在最近十年才成为关注的焦点。尽管如此，在短时间内了解滥用药物如何影响分子和生理生物钟，以及正常生物钟节律生物学的破坏如何导致成瘾并改善成瘾治疗的有效性方面已经取得了长足的进步。特别是，有数据表明，昼夜节律紊乱（如在轮班工人和青少年中观察到的那些节律）增加了对成瘾的易感性。此外，昼夜节律和成瘾在纵向上相互影响-特别是从青春期到老年人。在这篇综述中，当前关于昼夜节律如何在与年龄有关的节律性变化的背景下与滥用物质相互作用的认识，包括可能存在的药物敏感性钟，表型和成瘾易感性之间的相关性以及重要性讨论了中皮层皮质多巴胺系统的节律性。酒精成瘾的主要重点是酒精成瘾，这是因为该领域的研究占主导地位，并根据需要提及其他成瘾。时钟-药物相互作用对成瘾治疗的意义也将进行综述，并且将强调重新设定昼夜节律的治疗方法的潜力。