3D human skin models provide a platform for toxicity testing, biomaterials evaluation, and investigation of fundamental biological processes. However, the majority of current in vitro models lack an inflammatory system, vasculature, and other characteristics of native skin, indicating scope for more physiologically complex models. Looking at the immune system, there are a variety of cells that could be integrated to create novel skin models, but to do this effectively it is also necessary to understand the interface between skin biology and tissue engineering as well as the different roles the immune system plays in specific health and disease states. Here, a progress report on skin immunity and current immunocompetent skin models with a focus on construction methods is presented; scaffold and cell choice as well as the requirements of physiologically relevant models are elaborated. The wide range of technological and fundamental challenges that need to be addressed to successfully generate immunocompetent skin models and the steps currently being made globally by researchers as they develop new models are explored. Induced pluripotent stem cells, microfluidic platforms to control the model environment, and new real‐time monitoring techniques capable of probing biochemical processes within the models are discussed.

中文翻译：

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迈向具有免疫能力的3D皮肤模型

3D人体皮肤模型为毒性测试，生物材料评估和基本生物学过程研究提供了平台。然而，当前大多数体外模型缺乏天然皮肤的炎性系统，脉管系统和其他特征，这表明了生理上更复杂的模型的范围。观察免疫系统，可以整合多种细胞来创建新的皮肤模型，但是要有效地做到这一点，还必须了解皮肤生物学与组织工程学之间的界面以及免疫系统的不同作用在特定的健康和疾病状态中发挥作用。在这里，提供了有关皮肤免疫和当前具有免疫功能的皮肤模型的进展报告，重点是构建方法。详细阐述了支架和细胞的选择以及生理学相关模型的要求。成功生成具有免疫功能的皮肤模型需要解决的广泛技术和基本挑战，并探讨了研究人员目前在开发新模型时正在全球范围内采取的步骤。讨论了诱导多能干细胞，控制模型环境的微流体平台以及能够探测模型中生化过程的新型实时监测技术。