Currently, human society is predominantly powered by fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—yet also ultimately depends on goods and services provided by biodiversity. Fossil fuel extraction impacts biodiversity indirectly through climate change and by increasing accessibility, and directly through habitat loss and pollution. In contrast to the indirect effects, quantification of the direct impacts has been relatively neglected. To address this, we analyze the potential threat to >37,000 species and >190,000 protected areas globally from the locations of present and future fossil fuel extraction in marine and terrestrial environments. Sites that are currently exploited have higher species richness and endemism than unexploited sites, whereas known future hydrocarbon activities will predominantly move into less biodiverse locations. We identify 181 “high‐risk” locations where oil or gas extraction suitability coincides with biodiversity importance, making conflicts between extraction and conservation probable. In total, protected areas are located on $3‐15 trillion of unexploited hydrocarbon reserves, posing challenges and potentially opportunities for protected area management and sustainable financing.

中文翻译：

---

化石燃料开采目前和未来的生物多样性风险

当前，人类社会主要由化石燃料（煤，石油和天然气）驱动，但最终也取决于生物多样性提供的商品和服务。化石燃料的提取通过气候变化和增加可及性间接地影响生物多样性，并直接通过生境丧失和污染直接影响生物多样性。与间接影响相反，直接影响的量化相对被忽略了。为了解决这个问题，我们分析了当前和未来海洋和陆地环境中提取化石燃料的位置对全球> 37,000种和> 190,000个保护区的潜在威胁。当前开采的地点比未开采的地点具有更高的物种丰富度和特有性，而已知的未来碳氢化合物活动将主要转移到生物多样性较少的地点。我们确定了181个“高风险”位置，在这些位置油气提取的适宜性与生物多样性的重要性相吻合，从而使提取和保护之间可能发生冲突。总体而言，保护区位于3-15万亿美元的未开发碳氢化合物储量上，这给保护区管理和可持续融资带来了挑战，并带来了潜在的机遇。