Chemical Warfare at the Microorganismal Level: A Closer Look at the Superoxide Dismutase Enzymes of Pathogens,ACS Infectious Diseases

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Chemical Warfare at the Microorganismal Level: A Closer Look at the Superoxide Dismutase Enzymes of Pathogens
ACS Infectious Diseases ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2018-03-08 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00026
Sabrina S. Schatzman ₁ , Valeria C. Culotta ₁

Affiliation

Superoxide anion radical is generated as a natural byproduct of aerobic metabolism but is also produced as part of the oxidative burst of the innate immune response design to kill pathogens. In living systems, superoxide is largely managed through superoxide dismutases (SODs), families of metalloenzymes that use Fe, Mn, Ni, or Cu cofactors to catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Given the bursts of superoxide faced by microbial pathogens, it comes as no surprise that SOD enzymes play important roles in microbial survival and virulence. Interestingly, microbial SOD enzymes not only detoxify host superoxide but also may participate in signaling pathways that involve reactive oxygen species derived from the microbe itself, particularly in the case of eukaryotic pathogens. In this Review, we will discuss the chemistry of superoxide radicals and the role of diverse SOD metalloenzymes in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens. We will highlight the unique features of microbial SOD enzymes that have evolved to accommodate the harsh lifestyle at the host–pathogen interface. Lastly, we will discuss key non-SOD superoxide scavengers that specific pathogens employ for defense against host superoxide.

中文翻译：

微生物一级的化学战：病原体的超氧化物歧化酶的近距离观察

超氧阴离子自由基是有氧代谢的天然副产物，但也可作为先天免疫反应设计的氧化爆发的一部分而产生，以杀死病原体。在生命系统中，主要通过超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）来管理超氧化物，超氧化物歧化酶是使用Fe，Mn，Ni或Cu辅助因子催化超氧化物向氧气和过氧化氢歧化的金属酶家族。鉴于微生物病原体面临着超氧化物的爆发，毫不奇怪的是，SOD酶在微生物的存活和毒性中起着重要的作用。有趣的是，微生物SOD酶不仅能使宿主超氧化物解毒，而且还可能参与涉及微生物自身活性氧的信号传导途径，特别是在真核病原体中。在这篇评论中，我们将讨论超氧自由基的化学性质以及各种SOD金属酶在细菌，真菌和原生动物病原体中的作用。我们将重点介绍微生物SOD酶的独特功能，这些酶已进化为适应宿主-病原体界面的恶劣生活方式。最后，我们将讨论特定病原体用于防御宿主超氧化物的关键非SOD超氧化物清除剂。

更新日期：2018-03-08

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