Given the growing use of nanotechnology in many common consumer products, including foods, evaluation of the consequences of chronic exposure to nanoparticles in humans has become a major public health issue. The oral route of exposure has been poorly explored, despite the presence of a fraction of nanosized particles in certain food additives/supplements and the incorporation of such particles into packaging in contact with foods. After their ingestion, these nanoparticles pass through the digestive tract, where they may undergo physicochemical transformations, with consequences for the luminal environment, before crossing the epithelial barrier to reach the systemic compartment. In this review, we consider two examples, nanosilver and nanotitanium dioxide. Despite the specific features of these particles and the differences between them, both display a close relationship between physicochemical reactivity and bioavailability/biopersistence in the gastrointestinal tract. Few studies have focused on the interactions of nanoparticles of silver or titanium dioxide with the microbiota and mucus. However, the microbiota and mucus play key roles in intestinal homeostasis and host health and are undoubtedly involved in controlling the distribution of nanoparticles in the systemic compartment.

中文翻译：

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粘液和微生物群是肠道纳米毒理学的新兴参与者：以膳食银和二氧化钛纳米颗粒为例

鉴于纳米技术在包括食品在内的许多普通消费产品中的使用日益广泛，对人类长期暴露于纳米颗粒的后果进行评估已成为主要的公共卫生问题。尽管在某些食品添加剂/补充剂中存在一小部分纳米尺寸的颗粒，并且将此类颗粒掺入到与食品接触的包装中，但口服接触途径的研究却很少。摄入后，这些纳米颗粒穿过消化道，在穿过上皮屏障到达全身腔室之前，它们可能会经历理化转化，对腔环境造成影响。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了两个例子，纳米银和纳米二氧化钛。尽管这些粒子具有特定的特征以及它们之间的差异，两者在胃肠道的理化反应性和生物利用度/生物持久性之间都显示出密切的关系。很少有研究集中在银或二氧化钛的纳米颗粒与微生物群和粘液的相互作用上。然而，微生物群和粘液在肠道稳态和宿主健康中起关键作用，并且毫无疑问地参与了控制纳米颗粒在体腔室中的分布。