See Article by de Lucia et al

Caloric restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention that involves reduction of total calories below ad libitum intake without nutritional insufficiency or malnutrition. A form of CR, intermittent fasting (IF), involves significant energy restriction on alternate days or 2 days a week (5:2 diet) with ad libitum consumption on nonfasting days.¹ In the mid-1930s, McCay and colleagues first described the potential benefits of CR when they demonstrated prolongation of the mean and maximal lifespan of rats.² Since then, CR has been the subject of considerable investigation across a spectrum of species including yeast, worms, flies, fish, rodents, and nonhuman primates to better understand possible biological and molecular benefits on aging and longevity. Perhaps the most well-known studies of CR were initiated in the late 1980s involving rhesus monkeys at the National Institute on Aging and the University of Wisconsin Madison.³ Rhesus monkeys are a useful model as their anatomy, physiology, eating patterns, and aging processes are similar to humans. The University of Wisconsin Madison study reported a positive impact on survival, but the National Institute on Aging study did not find a similar benefit. Significant differences in the 2 study designs likely contributed to the observed mortality differences.³ Other nonhuman studies over the past decade support the potential for CR to delay the onset of age-related chronic diseases, protect against cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and exert direct cardioprotective effects.⁴ CR may have a favorable impact on the cardiovascular system, mediated by improvement in cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. As well, CR may reduce inflammation, myocardial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and development of atherosclerosis, and improve myocardial ischemic tolerance.⁴

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参见de Lucia等人的文章

热量限制（CR）是一种饮食干预措施，可将总卡路里减少到任意摄入以下，而不会造成营养不足或营养不良。间歇性禁食（IF）是一种CR形式，包括在隔天或每周2天（5：2饮食）中显着限制能量，而在非禁食日则随意食用。¹在1930年代中期，McCay及其同事首次证明了CR的潜在益处，因为它们证明了大鼠平均寿命和最大寿命的延长。^2个从那时起，CR已成为包括酵母，蠕虫，苍蝇，鱼，啮齿动物和非人类灵长类动物在内的各种物种的大量研究的主题，目的是更好地了解衰老和寿命可能带来的生物学和分子方面的益处。关于CR的最著名的研究也许是在1980年代后期开始的，涉及美国国家老龄研究所和威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的恒河猴。³恒河猴是一个有用的模型，因为它们的解剖结构，生理，进食方式和衰老过程与人类相似。威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的研究报告了其对生存的积极影响，但美国国立衰老研究所的研究并未发现类似的益处。2项研究设计的显着差异可能是导致观察到的死亡率差异的原因。³在过去的十年中，其他非人类研究也支持CR延缓与年龄相关的慢性疾病的发作，预防癌症和神经退行性疾病以及发挥直接心脏保护作用的潜力。⁴ CR可能通过改善肥胖，高血压和糖尿病等心血管危险因素而对心血管系统产生有利影响。同样，CR可以减少炎症，心肌纤维化，氧化应激和动脉粥样硬化的发展，并改善心肌的缺血耐受性。⁴

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