Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction is a promising candidate method for the conversion of biomass resources. To improve economic efficiency, the development of processes that utilize the water-soluble (WS) hydrothermal-liquefaction fraction is critical; consequently, a fundamental method for the analysis of the WS fraction is required. In this study, the quantitative analysis of the WS fraction obtained from the Fe-assisted hydrothermal liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunches was comprehensively investigated by combining various separation and analysis methods The volatile components of the WS fraction were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID), and they were quantified using the relative response factors estimated by the effective carbon number method. Heavy components not detectable by GC were isolated by freeze-drying, and their elemental compositions, functional groups, and molecular-weight distributions were analyzed. The results reveal that the addition of Fe during hydrothermal liquefaction alters the types of compounds present in the WS fraction by a large extent, and increases the proportion of volatile compounds. The reactivity of the WS fraction in the zeolite-catalyzed cracking reaction was also investigated, which revealed that the volatile components of the WS fraction are efficiently converted into olefins.

中文翻译：

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铁辅助油棕空果串水热液化含水馏分的定量分析

摘要 水热液化是一种很有前景的生物质资源转化候选方法。为了提高经济效益，开发利用水溶性 (WS) 水热液化馏分的工艺至关重要；因此，需要一种分析 WS 分数的基本方法。本研究结合多种分离分析方法，对铁辅助油棕空果串水热液化得到的WS馏分进行定量分析。采用气相色谱-质谱法分析WS馏分的挥发性成分。 (GC-MS) 和气相色谱-火焰电离检测 (GC-FID)，并使用有效碳数方法估计的相对响应因子对它们进行量化。GC 检测不到的重组分通过冷冻干燥分离，并分析了它们的元素组成、官能团和分子量分布。结果表明，在水热液化过程中加入Fe在很大程度上改变了WS馏分中存在的化合物类型，并增加了挥发性化合物的比例。还研究了 WS 馏分在沸石催化裂化反应中的反应性，这表明 WS 馏分的挥发性组分有效地转化为烯烃。结果表明，在水热液化过程中加入Fe在很大程度上改变了WS馏分中存在的化合物类型，并增加了挥发性化合物的比例。还研究了 WS 馏分在沸石催化裂化反应中的反应性，这表明 WS 馏分的挥发性组分有效地转化为烯烃。结果表明，在水热液化过程中加入Fe在很大程度上改变了WS馏分中存在的化合物类型，并增加了挥发性化合物的比例。还研究了 WS 馏分在沸石催化裂化反应中的反应性，这表明 WS 馏分的挥发性组分有效地转化为烯烃。