Post-translational modification of substrate proteins by SUMO conjugation regulates a diverse array of cellular processes. While predominantly a nuclear protein modification, there is a growing appreciation that SUMOylation of proteins outside the nucleus plays direct roles in controlling synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and adaptive responses to cell stress. Furthermore, alterations in protein SUMOylation are observed in a wide range of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, and several extranuclear disease-associated proteins have been shown to be directly SUMOylated. Here, focusing mainly on SUMOylation of synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, we outline recent developments and discoveries, and present our opinion as to the most exciting avenues for future research to define how SUMOylation of extranuclear proteins regulates neuronal and synaptic function.

中文翻译：

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神经元中的核外 SUMO 化

通过 SUMO 结合对底物蛋白进行翻译后修饰可调节多种细胞过程。虽然主要是核蛋白修饰，但越来越多的人认为，细胞核外蛋白质的 SUMO 化在控制突触传递、神经元兴奋性和对细胞应激的适应性反应中起着直接作用。此外，在广泛的神经系统和神经退行性疾病中观察到蛋白质 SUMOylation 的改变，并且已经证明几种核外疾病相关蛋白直接被 SUMOylated。在这里，主要关注突触和线粒体蛋白的 SUMO 化，我们概述了最近的发展和发现，