Hypothesis

The interesting properties of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) make them attractive for different application fields such as cosmetology, medicine and clinical nanotechnologies. In this work a fast, easy and eco-friendly method for the AuNPs synthesis is proposed by using the Punica Granatum Juice (PGJ) with potential dermatological and cosmetic applications. The AuNPs antioxidant activity, due to the presence of phenols from the juice, and their use as booster for improving the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) in commercial sunscreen formulations, are thus expounded.

Experiments

By using appropriate amounts of PGJ and HAuCl₄, under mild work conditions, AuNPs with a mean size of 100 ± 40 nm are observed and carefully characterized. Solution pH, temperature, and volume were also changed for optimizing the AuNPs formation and features. The antioxidant activity was studied, by evaluating the AuNP ability of scavenging the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH). This finding was confirmed performing special experiments focused on the reaction between AuNPs and H₂O₂, by using suitable probes, such as 4-thiothymidine (S⁴TdR) and Cytochrome-c (Cyt-c). The SPF value was also calculated.

Findings

The synthetized AuNPs showed a surface plasmon in visible range at 577 nm and resulted stable for long time in aqueous medium, also changing the pH values in the range 2–12. The studied antioxidant activity, confirmed also by performing special experiments with suitable probes, demonstrated the high performance of AuNPs. The AuNP photostability under sun irradiation is also shown. The calculated SPF values were in the range 3–18, related to AuNPs concentration in the range 1.80 × 10⁻¹²–1.00 × 10⁻¹¹ M. The same AuNPs concentrations were used for cellular experiments. Indeed, since the AuNPs-PGJ mediated will be potentially introduced by dermal contact, dermal fibroblasts (Human Dermal Fibroblasts, HDF) and Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HMVEC) were used to evaluate the possible effects of these nanoparticles as a preliminary step. The results indicated that an AuNP concentrations in the range 1.80 × 10⁻¹²–3.60 × 10⁻¹² M could be adopted since they do not appeared cyctotoxic.

中文翻译：

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使用Punica Granatum果汁一锅环保合成金纳米颗粒：一种适用于未来皮肤病学和化妆品应用的新型抗氧化剂

假设

金纳米粒子（AuNPs）的有趣特性使它们对于美容，医学和临床纳米技术等不同的应用领域具有吸引力。在这项工作中，通过使用具有潜在皮肤病学和化妆品用途的石榴汁（PGJ），提出了一种快速，简便且环保的AuNPs合成方法。因此，阐述了由于来自果汁中酚的存在，AuNPs的抗氧化活性及其在商业防晒配方中作为增强防晒因子（SPF）的促进剂的用途。

实验

通过在适度的工作条件下使用适量的PGJ和HAuCl ₄，可以观察到并仔细表征平均尺寸为100±40 nm的AuNP。还更改了溶液的pH，温度和体积，以优化AuNPs的形成和特性。通过评估AuNP清除自由基2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶基肼基水合物（DPPH）的能力，研究了抗氧化剂的活性。通过使用诸如4-硫代胸苷（S ⁴ TdR）和细胞色素-c（Cyt-c）的合适探针，进行了针对AuNPs与H ₂ O ₂之间反应的特殊实验，证实了这一发现。还计算了SPF值。

发现

合成的AuNPs在577 nm的可见范围内显示出表面等离激元，并在水性介质中长时间稳定，并且在2–12范围内改变了pH值。通过使用合适的探针进行特殊实验也证实了所研究的抗氧化活性，证明了AuNP的高性能。还示出了在阳光照射下的AuNP光稳定性。计算出的SPF值在3–18范围内，与AuNPs浓度在1.80×10 ^-12 –1.00×10 ^-11范围内有关 M.相同的AuNPs浓度用于细胞实验。确实，由于介导的AuNPs-PGJ可能会通过皮肤接触而引入，因此皮肤真皮成纤维细胞（人类真皮成纤维细胞，HDF）和人类微血管内皮细胞（HMVEC）被用作评估这些纳米颗粒可能的作用的第一步。结果表明，可以采用AuNP浓度在1.80×10 ^-12 –3.60×10 ^-12  M范围内，因为它们没有细胞毒性。