Background

Exposure to environmental phenols including parabens, bisphenols (BPs), oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and triclosan (TCS) is ubiquitous. Due to evidence of their estrogenic activity, they have been considered as chemicals of concern. The exposure of the Norwegian population to these compounds is presently unknown.

Aims

To measure urinary levels of twelve different environmental phenols including four emerging bisphenols: S, F, B and AF (abbreviated as BPS, BPF, BPB and BPAF, respectively) in a healthy Norwegian population. We have calculated short-term variability, estimated daily intakes and investigated important determinants of exposure.

Methods

Urine samples were collected from mothers (n = 48) and their children (n = 56) during spring/summer 2012 in two counties in Norway.

Results

Six environmental phenols namely methyl, ethyl and propyl paraben, BPA, BP-3 and TCS were detected in almost 100% of the urine samples. Among the emerging bisphenols, BPS was detected most frequently in the urine samples (42–48%) followed by BPF (4–15%). Parabens were positively and significantly correlated to each other in both mothers and children. Levels of parabens and BP-3 were higher in mothers compared to children. All mothers and children had lower estimated daily intakes (back calculated from the urinary concentrations) of parabens and BPA than the respective acceptable and tolerable daily intakes (ADIs and TDIs) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Observed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated moderate to high reliability of spot urine measurements for all the environmental phenols (ICCs: 0.70–0.97). Use of hair products, deodorants, face and hand creams were significantly associated with higher urinary levels of parabens.

Conclusions

Occurrence of environmental phenols in healthy Norwegian women and children is abundant. Among emerging bisphenols, there is widespread exposure to BPS. A single spot urine sample can be used for estimating short-term exposures of environmental phenols. Urinary levels of parabens were associated with use of PCPs.

中文翻译：

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一对挪威母亲和儿童中环境酚的水平，变异性和决定因素

背景

无处不在的环境苯酚包括对羟基苯甲酸酯，双酚（BPs），氧苯甲酮/二苯甲酮3（BP-3）和三氯生（TCS）。由于其雌激素活性的证据，它们被认为是令人关注的化学物质。目前尚不清楚挪威人口对这些化合物的接触。

目的

在健康的挪威人群中测量十二种不同环境酚（包括四种新兴双酚）的尿水平：S，F，B和AF（分别缩写为BPS，BPF，BPB和BPAF）。我们已经计算了短期变异性，估计了每日摄入量，并调查了暴露的重要决定因素。

方法

在2012年春夏季期间，从挪威的两个县的母亲（n = 48）及其子女（n = 56）中收集了尿液样本。

结果

在几乎100％的尿液样本中检测到六种环境酚，即对羟基苯甲酸甲酯，对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯，BPA，BP-3和TCS。在新兴的双酚中，尿液样品中检出BPS的频率最高（42-48％），其次是BPF（4-15％）。对羟基苯甲酸酯在母亲和儿童中均呈正相关且显着相关。母亲的对羟基苯甲酸酯和BP-3的水平高于儿童。所有母亲和儿童的对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚A的估计每日摄入量（根据尿液浓度计算得出的值）均低于欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）制定的可接受且可耐受的每日摄入量（ADIs和TDIs）。观察到的组内相关系数（ICC）表明，所有环境酚的尿液点样测量均具有中等至高度的可靠性（ICC：0.70–0.97）。

结论

在健康的挪威妇女和儿童中，环境酚的发生率很高。在新兴的双酚中，广泛接触BPS。单点尿液样本可用于估计环境酚的短期暴露。尿中对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平与五氯苯酚的使用有关。