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This infographic about hepatitis B virus explores its replication cycle, natural history of infection and pathogenesis, and how this can be controlled and treated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common worldwide blood-borne pathogen. Chronic hepatitis B can progress to an inactive carrier state, and then, in some patients, give rise to cirrhosis and cancer of the liver, leading to death. An HBV surface-antigen vaccine is effective, but treatments are currently not curative. HBV replicates via reverse transcription. Its covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in the nucleus encodes a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which can be encapsidated by HBV polymerase. Reverse transcription occurs in the capsids by using the pgRNA as a template for the synthesis of single-stranded linear and then partially double-stranded relaxed circular (rc) DNA. Capsids containing a mature rc DNA genome target to the nucleus for ccc DNA synthesis. Persistent HBV infection is caused mainly by ccc DNA and immune tolerance to HBV antigens in the liver. Unlike acute infection, chronic carriers contain only a low level of HBV core-antigen-specific T cell activity, contributing to the lack of viral clearance.

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乙型肝炎病毒

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这张有关乙型肝炎病毒的信息图探讨了其复制周期，感染和发病机理的自然史，以及如何控制和治疗它。

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）是世界范围内常见的血源性病原体。慢性乙型肝炎可以发展为无活性的携带者状态，然后在某些患者中会引起肝硬化和肝癌，从而导致死亡。乙肝表面抗原疫苗是有效的，但目前尚无治疗方法。HBV通过逆转录复制。其在细胞核中的共价闭合环状（ccc）DNA编码前基因组RNA（pgRNA），可被HBV聚合酶包裹。通过使用pgRNA作为合成单链线性然后部分双链的松弛环状（rc）DNA的模板，逆转录在衣壳中发生。含有成熟rc DNA基因组的衣壳靶向ccc DNA合成的细胞核。持久性HBV感染主要由ccc DNA和肝脏对HBV抗原的免疫耐受引起。与急性感染不同，慢性携带者仅含有低水平的HBV核心抗原特异性T细胞活性，导致缺乏病毒清除。