Abstract This study presents a new emission estimate of gaseous pollutants including CO, CO2, and NOX from on-road transport sector of India for the base year 2013. For the first time, a detailed vintage-wise on-road measured emission factors used for reducing uncertainties in emission estimates. The consumptions of diesel, gasoline, and compressed natural gas (CNG) were also estimated at the national level and disaggregated at the state level. The national average use of diesel, gasoline, and CNG and their 95% confidence interval estimated as 52 (39–66), 24 (18–30), and 1.6 (1.2–2.0) MTy−1 for the year 2013. The CO, CO2, and NOX emissions were estimated as 7349 (3220–11477) Gg y−1, 261 (179–343) Tg y−1, and 4052 (2127–5977) Gg y−1, respectively from on-road transport sector for the year 2013. New vehicles registered after 2005 emit 70–80% of national level CO2, and NOX, while rest 20–30% were emitted by old vehicles registered before 2005. Old and new vehicles both equally contributed to CO emissions. Superemitters accounted for 14% of total traffic volume, but they were responsible for 17–57% of total CO2, CO and NOX emissions. The uncertainties in emission estimates were reduced to 48–56% compared to previous estimates (62–136%). The comparison with recent studies for nationwide emission estimates from 4-wheelers indicated that use of emission factors from dynamometer studies can underestimate the emissions by 32–92% for various pollutants, while an overestimation by 20–82% was seen with the use of emission model derived emission factors. Similarly for Delhi city recent CO and NOx emission estimates for 4-wheelers based on emission factors reported from dynamometer studies were 23–89% lower than present work. The present work revealed the need for representative vintage wise emission factor database development from on-road measurement and the more comprehensive assessment of activity data through survey.

中文翻译：

---

基于技术的气体和气溶胶前体质量排放因子以及印度公路运输部门排放的空间分布

摘要 本研究提出了 2013 年基准年印度道路运输部门的气体污染物（包括 CO、CO2 和 NOX）的新排放估算值。减少排放估算的不确定性。柴油、汽油和压缩天然气 (CNG) 的消耗量也在国家层面进行了估算，并在州层面进行了分解。2013 年柴油、汽油和 CNG 的全国平均使用量及其 95% 置信区间估计为 52 (39–66)、24 (18–30) 和 1.6 (1.2–2.0) Mty−1。CO 、CO2 和 NOX 排放量分别估计为 7349 (3220–11477) Gg y−1、261 (179–343) Tg y−1 和 4052 (2127–5977) Gg y−1，分别来自公路运输部门2013 年。2005 年以后注册的新车排放了 70-80% 的国家级 CO2 和 NOX，其余 20-30% 是 2005 年之前注册的旧车排放。新旧车辆对 CO 排放的贡献相同。超级排放器占总交通量的 14%，但它们占 CO2、CO 和 NOX 排放总量的 17-57%。与之前的估计（62-136%）相比，排放估计的不确定性降低到 48-56%。与最近对全国四轮车排放估算的研究进行比较表明，使用测功机研究的排放因子可以将各种污染物的排放量低估 32-92%，而使用排放量则高估 20-82%。模型导出的排放因子。类似地，德里市最近根据测功机研究报告的排放因子对四轮车的 CO 和 NOx 排放估计比目前的工作低 23-89%。目前的工作表明，需要通过道路测量和通过调查对活动数据进行更全面的评估，开发具有代表性的年份明智的排放因子数据库。