Abstract Particulate and gaseous emissions of two medium-sized district heating facilities (400 kW, fueled with miscanthus, and 1.5 MW, fueled with wood chips) were characterized for different operational conditions, and compared to previously obtained results for household wood and pellet stoves. SO2 and NOx emission factors (reported in mg MJFuel−1) were found to not only depend on fuel sulfur/nitrogen content, but also on combustion appliance type and efficiency. Emission factors of SO2, NOx, and PM (particulate matter) increased with increasing load. Particle chemical composition did not primarily depend on operational conditions, but varied mostly with combustion appliances, fuel types, and flue gas cleaning technologies. Black carbon content was decreasing with increasing combustion efficiency; chloride content was strongly enhanced when burning miscanthus. Flue gas cleaning using an electrostatic precipitator caused strong reduction not only in total PM, but also in the fraction of refractory and semi-refractory material within emitted PM1. For the impact of facilities on their surroundings (immissions) not only their total emissions are decisive, but also their stack heights. In immission measurements downwind of the two facilities, a plume could only be observed for the 400 kW facility with low (11 m) stack height (1.5 MW facility: 30 m), and measured immissions agreed reasonably well with predicted ones. The impact of these immissions is non-negligible: At a distance of 50 m from the facility, apart from CO2, also plume contributions of NOx, ultrafine particles, PM1, PM10, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfate were detected, with enhancements above background values of 2–130%.

中文翻译：

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用于区域供热的公共生物燃料燃烧：中型（0.4 和 1.5 MW）设施的排放和排放

摘要 对两种中型区域供热设施（400 kW，以芒草为燃料，1.5 MW，以木屑为燃料）的颗粒物和气体排放在不同的运行条件下进行了表征，并与先前获得的家用木材和颗粒炉的结果进行了比较。发现 SO2 和 NOx 排放因子（以 mg MJFuel-1 为单位报告）不仅取决于燃料硫/氮含量，还取决于燃烧器具类型和效率。SO2、NOx 和 PM（颗粒物）的排放因子随着负荷的增加而增加。颗粒化学成分并不主要取决于操作条件，而主要因燃烧设备、燃料类型和烟道气净化技术而异。黑碳含量随着燃烧效率的提高而降低；燃烧芒草时氯化物含量大大增加。使用静电除尘器清洁烟道气不仅大大减少了 PM1.5 的总量，而且还大大减少了排放的 PM1.5 中耐火材料和半耐火材料的比例。对于设施对其周围环境（排放）的影响，不仅它们的总排放量是决定性的，而且它们的烟囱高度也是决定性的。在两个设施的下风向排放测量中，只能观察到烟囱高度低（11 m）的 400 kW 设施（1.5 MW 设施：30 m）的烟羽，并且测量的排放与预测的排放相当吻合。这些排放的影响是不可忽视的：在距离设施 50 m 处，除了 CO2 外，还检测到 NOx、超细颗粒、PM1、PM10、多芳烃和硫酸盐的羽流贡献，