As the dawn of the postantibiotic era we approach, antibacterial vaccines are becoming increasingly important for managing bacterial infection and reducing the need for antibiotics. Despite the success of vaccination, vaccines remain unavailable for many pressing microbial diseases, including tuberculosis, chlamydia, and staphylococcus infections. Amid continuing research efforts in antibacterial vaccine development, the advancement of nanomaterial engineering has brought forth new opportunities in vaccine designs. With increasing knowledge in antibacterial immunity and immunologic adjuvants, innovative nanoparticles are designed to elicit the appropriate immune responses for effective antimicrobial defense. Rationally designed nanoparticles are demonstrated to overcome delivery barriers to shape the adaptive immunity. This article reviews the advances in nanoparticle‐ and nanomaterial‐based antibacterial vaccines and summarizes the development of nanoparticulate adjuvants for immune potentiation against microbial pathogens. In addition, challenges and progress in ongoing antibacterial vaccine development are discussed to highlight the opportunities for future vaccine designs.

中文翻译：

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纳米和基于纳米材料的细菌感染疫苗的研究进展和机遇

随着后抗生素时代的到来，抗菌疫苗对于控制细菌感染和减少对抗生素的需求正变得越来越重要。尽管疫苗接种成功，但对于许多紧迫的微生物疾病，包括结核，衣原体和葡萄球菌感染，仍然没有疫苗。在抗菌疫苗开发方面的持续研究努力中，纳米材料工程学的进步为疫苗设计带来了新的机遇。随着对抗菌免疫和免疫佐剂知识的不断增长，创新的纳米颗粒被设计为引发适当的免疫反应，以实现有效的抗菌防御。合理设计的纳米颗粒被证明可以克服传递障碍，从而形成适应性免疫。本文回顾了基于纳米颗粒和纳米材料的抗菌疫苗的进展，并总结了针对微生物病原体的免疫增强作用的纳米颗粒佐剂的开发。另外，讨论了正在进行的抗菌疫苗开发中的挑战和进展，以突出未来疫苗设计的机会。