The 1.5 °C mitigation challenge for urban areas goes far beyond decarbonizing the cities’ energy supply and needs to enable and incentivize carbon-free everyday living. Reviewing recent literature, we find that dense and mixed urban form enables lower direct emissions from mobility and housing, while income is the major driver of total household carbon footprints; importantly, these effects are not linear. The available urban infrastructure, services and societal arrangements, for example on work, all influence how households use their time, which goods and services they consume in everyday life and their subsequent carbon footprints and potential rebound effects. We conclude that changes in household consumption, time use and urban form are crucial for a 1.5 °C future. We further identify a range of issues for which a time use perspective could open up new avenues for research and policy.

为城市地区提供1.5°C的缓解挑战不仅要使城市的能源供应脱碳，还需要实现和激励无碳日常生活。回顾最近的文献，我们发现密集和混合的城市形式可以降低流动性和住房产生的直接排放，而收入是家庭碳足迹总量的主要驱动力。重要的是，这些影响不是线性的。现有的城市基础设施，服务和社会安排（例如在工作中）都会影响家庭使用时间的方式，他们在日常生活中消费的商品和服务以及随后的碳足迹和潜在的反弹效应。我们得出结论，家庭消费，时间使用和城市形态的变化对于1.5°C的未来至关重要。