Commercial and emerging renewable energy technologies are underpinned by precious metal catalysts, which enable the transformation of reactants into useful products. However, the noble metals (NMs) comprise the least abundant elements in the lithosphere, making them prohibitively scarce and expensive for future global-scale technologies. As such, intense research efforts have been devoted to eliminating or substantially reducing the loadings of NMs in various catalytic applications. These efforts have resulted in a plethora of heterogeneous NM catalyst morphologies beyond the traditional supported spherical nanoparticle.

中文翻译：

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合理设计超低贵金属负载核壳型纳米催化剂的原理和方法

商业和新兴可再生能源技术以贵金属催化剂为基础，可将反应物转化为有用的产品。但是，贵金属（NMs）构成岩石圈中含量最少的元素，对于未来的全球规模技术而言，它们极为稀少且价格昂贵。因此，在各种催化应用中已经进行了大量的研究努力以消除或基本上减少NM的负载。这些努力已经导致了超过传统负载球形纳米粒子的大量非均相NM催化剂形态。