The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non‐cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live‐plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens – an important component of horticulture – played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one‐third of institutions involved in retail‐plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non‐invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio‐economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science‐based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.

中文翻译：

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观赏园艺在外来植物入侵中的角色变化

从栽培中逃逸到原生生态系统的外来植物的数量正在稳步增加。我们概述了观赏园艺在植物入侵中的历史、当代和潜在的未来作用。我们表明，目前至少 75% 和 93% 的全球归化外来植物群分别生长在家庭和植物园中。在花园里种植的物种也比那些不在花园里种植的物种有更大的归化范围。中世纪之后，特别是在 18 和 19 世纪，出现了全球植物贸易网络。从那时起，在全球范围内，栽培的外来物种也开始比非栽培的外来物种更频繁地出现在野外，尤其是在 19 世纪。园艺在目前的植物引进中仍然发挥着突出的作用，世界不同地区活植物进口的货币价值正在稳步增长。从历史上看，植物园——园艺的重要组成部分——在展示、培育和传播新植物发现方面发挥了重要作用。虽然植物园在园艺供应链中的作用有所下降，但它们仍然是一个重要的环节，三分之一的机构涉及植物零售和园艺研究。然而，植物园也越来越依赖商业苗圃作为植物来源，尤其是在北美。以观赏为目的选择的植物不是全球植物区系的随机选择，通过园艺促进的一些植物特性，例如快速生长，也会促进入侵。培育非侵入性植物品种的努力仍然很少。社会经济、技术和环境的变化将导致植物引入的新模式和已经种植的物种的入侵机会。我们描述了园艺在调解这些变化中可以发挥的作用。我们确定了当前的研究挑战，并呼吁对园艺在植物入侵中的过去和当前作用进行更多的研究。这是制定基于科学的监管框架以防止进一步的植物入侵所必需的。我们确定了当前的研究挑战，并呼吁对园艺在植物入侵中的过去和当前作用进行更多的研究。这是制定基于科学的监管框架以防止进一步的植物入侵所必需的。我们确定了当前的研究挑战，并呼吁对园艺在植物入侵中的过去和当前作用进行更多的研究。这是制定基于科学的监管框架以防止进一步的植物入侵所必需的。