Recently, the electrochemical N₂ reduction reaction (NRR) in aqueous electrolytes at ambient temperature and pressure has demonstrated its unique advantages and potentials. The reactants are directly derived from gaseous N₂ and water, which are naturally abundant, and NH₃ production is important for fertilizers and other industrial applications. To improve the conversion yield and selectivity (mainly competing with water reduction), electrocatalysts must be rationally designed to optimize the mass transport, chemisorption, and transduction pathways of protons and electrons. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the electrochemical NRR. Studies of electrocatalyst designs are summarized for different categories, including metal-based catalysts, metal oxide-derived catalysts, and hybrid catalysts. Strategies for enhancing the NRR performance based on the facet orientation, metal oxide interface, crystallinity, and nitrogen vacancies are presented. Additional system designs, such as lithium-nitrogen batteries, and the solvent effect are introduced. Finally, existing challenges and prospects are discussed.

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最近，在环境温度和压力下在水性电解质中的电化学N ₂还原反应（NRR）已显示出其独特的优势和潜力。反应物直接来自自然丰富的气态N ₂和水以及NH ₃生产对于肥料和其他工业应用很重要。为了提高转化率和选择性（主要与节水相抗衡），必须合理设计电催化剂，以优化质子和电子的质量传递，化学吸附和转导途径。在这篇综述中，我们总结了电化学NRR的最新进展。总结了针对不同类别的电催化剂设计的研究，包括金属基催化剂，金属氧化物衍生的催化剂和杂化催化剂。提出了基于刻面取向，金属氧化物界面，结晶度和氮空位来提高NRR性能的策略。引入了其他系统设计，例如锂氮电池，以及溶剂效应。最后，讨论了现有的挑战和前景。

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