A brain-imaging paper by Kastner and colleagues in 1999 was the first to demonstrate that merely focusing attention at a spatial location changed the baseline activity level in various regions of human visual cortex even before any stimuli appeared. The study provided a touchstone for investigating cognitive–sensory interactions and understanding the proactive endogenous signals that shape perception.

中文翻译：

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建立在坚实的基线之上：注意力的预期偏差

Kastner 及其同事在 1999 年发表的一篇脑成像论文首次证明，即使在任何刺激出现之前，仅仅将注意力集中在一个空间位置上就可以改变人类视觉皮层各个区域的基线活动水平。该研究为调查认知-感官相互作用和理解塑造感知的主动内源性信号提供了试金石。