Recent advances in chemical synthesis, conjugation chemistry, engineered biosynthesis, and formulation design have spawned a new generation of vaccines that incorporate carbohydrate antigens. By providing better immunity against a variety of pathogens or malignant cells and lowering the cost of production, these developments overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional vaccines involving polysaccharides. Moreover, the resulting vaccine candidates are shedding light on how the immune system responds to carbohydrates and providing mechanistic insight that can help guide future vaccine design. Here, we review recent engineering efforts to develop and manufacture carbohydrate-based vaccines that are efficacious, durable, and cost-effective.

化学合成，缀合化学，工程化生物合成和制剂设计方面的最新进展催生了掺入碳水化合物抗原的新一代疫苗。通过提供对多种病原体或恶性细胞的更好的免疫力并降低生产成本，这些进展克服了与涉及多糖的常规疫苗相关的许多限制。此外，最终的疫苗候选者将阐明免疫系统如何对碳水化合物产生反应，并提供有助于指导未来疫苗设计的机理见解。在这里，我们回顾了开发和生产有效，耐用且具有成本效益的基于碳水化合物的疫苗的最新工程成果。