Abstract Measurements of black carbon at remote and high altitude locations provide an important constraint for models. Here we present six months of refractory black carbon (rBC) data collected in July–August of 2009, June–July of 2010, and April–May of 2012 using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) at the remote Whistler High Elevation Research Site in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia (50.06°N, 122.96°W, 2182 m a.m.s.l). In order to reduce regional boundary layer influences, only measurements collected during the night (2000-0800 PST) were considered. Times impacted by local biomass burning were removed from the data set, as were periods of in-cloud sampling. Back trajectories and back trajectory cluster analysis were used to classify the sampled air masses as Southern Pacific, Northern Pacific, Western Pacific/Asian, or Northern Canadian in origin. The largest rBC mass median diameter (182 nm) was seen for air masses in the Southern Pacific cluster, and the smallest (156 nm) was seen for air masses in the Western Pacific/Asian cluster. Considering all the clusters, the median mass concentration of rBC was 25.0 ± 7.6 ng/m3-STP. The Northern Pacific, Southern Pacific, Western Pacific/Asian, and Northern Canada clusters had median mass concentrations of 25.0 ± 7.6, 21.3 ± 6.9, 25.0 ± 7.9, and 40.6 ± 12.9 ng/m3-STP, respectively. We compared these measurements with simulations from the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. The default GEOS-Chem simulations overestimated the median rBC mass concentrations for the different clusters by a factor of 1.2–2.2. The largest difference was observed for the Northern Pacific cluster (factor of 2.2) and the smallest difference was observed for the Northern Canada cluster (factor of 1.2). A sensitivity simulation that excluded Vancouver emissions still overestimated the median rBC mass concentrations for the different clusters by a factor of 1.1–2.0. After implementation of a revised wet scavenging scheme, the simulations overestimated the median rBC mass concentrations for the different clusters by a factor of 1.0–2.0.

中文翻译：

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Whistler Peak High Elevation Research Site 的耐火黑碳——测量和模拟

摘要 偏远和高海拔地区的黑碳测量为模型提供了重要的约束。在这里，我们展示了在 2009 年 7 月至 8 月、2010 年 6 月至 7 月和 2012 年 4 月至 5 月使用单粒子烟尘光度计 (SP2) 在远程惠斯勒高海拔研究站点收集的六个月的难熔黑碳 (rBC) 数据在不列颠哥伦比亚省的海岸山脉 (50.06°N, 122.96°W, 2182 m amsl)。为了减少区域边界层的影响，只考虑了夜间 (2000-0800 PST) 收集的测量值。从数据集中删除了受当地生物质燃烧影响的时间，云中采样的时间也是如此。后向轨迹和后向轨迹聚类分析用于将采样的气团分类为南太平洋、北太平洋、西太平洋/亚洲、或原产于加拿大北部。最大的 rBC 质量中值直径 (182 nm) 出现在南太平洋星团的气团中，最小的 (156 nm) 出现在西太平洋/亚洲星团的气团中。考虑到所有簇，rBC 的中值质量浓度为 25.0 ± 7.6 ng/m3-STP。北太平洋、南太平洋、西太平洋/亚洲和加拿大北部集群的质量浓度中位数分别为 25.0 ± 7.6、21.3 ± 6.9、25.0 ± 7.9 和 40.6 ± 12.9 ng/m3-STP。我们将这些测量结果与全球化学输运模型 GEOS-Chem 的模拟结果进行了比较。默认的 GEOS-Chem 模拟高估了不同簇的中值 rBC 质量浓度，系数为 1.2-2.2。在北太平洋集群中观察到的差异最大（因子为 2。2) 并且在加拿大北部集群中观察到最小差异（因子为 1.2）。排除温哥华排放的敏感性模拟仍然高估了不同集群的中值 rBC 质量浓度 1.1-2.0 倍。实施修订后的湿清除方案后，模拟高估了不同簇的中值 rBC 质量浓度，系数为 1.0-2.0。