Three-dimensional (3D) graphene materials, which are integrated using graphene structural units, show great promise for energy-related applications because of the high specific surface area, fast electron transport, and low density. Beyond solution-phase assembly of graphene sheets, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has been recently introduced as a scalable, high-yield, and facile strategy for preparing 3D graphene materials with relatively high crystallinity and controllable layer numbers. Such 3D graphene structures have served as ideal platforms for constructing next-generation energy storage and conversion devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. In this tutorial review, we focus on recent progress in the scalable CVD growth of 3D graphene materials (e.g., foams, shells, and hierarchical structures) as well as their applications in energy-related fields. First, we emphasize the role of substrate shape and composition (metal or non-metal) in the CVD growth of diverse 3D graphene materials. The related growth mechanisms of these 3D graphene materials are also analysed and discussed. Second, we demonstrate the applications of the CVD-derived 3D graphene materials in various energy-related devices. Finally, we conclude this review with our insights into the challenges and future opportunities for CVD synthesis as well as the application of such intriguing 3D graphene materials.

中文翻译：

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三维石墨烯材料向能源相关应用的可扩展的化学气相沉积生长

使用石墨烯结构单元集成的三维（3D）石墨烯材料因其高的比表面积，快速的电子传输和低密度而在与能源相关的应用中显示出巨大的希望。除了石墨烯片的固溶相组装以外，最近还引入了化学气相沉积（CVD）作为可缩放，高产率且简便的策略，用于制备具有相对较高的结晶度和可控层数的3D石墨烯材料。此类3D石墨烯结构已成为构建下一代能量存储和转换设备（如超级电容器，电池和燃料电池）的理想平台。在本教程中，我们重点关注3D石墨烯材料可扩展CVD生长的最新进展（例如，泡沫，外壳和分层结构）及其在能源相关领域中的应用。首先，我们强调衬底形状和成分（金属或非金属）在各种3D石墨烯材料的CVD生长中的作用。这些3D石墨烯材料的相关生长机理也进行了分析和讨论。其次，我们演示了CVD衍生的3D石墨烯材料在各种能源相关设备中的应用。最后，我们以对CVD合成所面临的挑战和未来机遇以及此类引人入胜的3D石墨烯材料的应用的真知灼见来结束本综述。