Species of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera Dinophysis are causative of one of the most widespread and expanding HAB events associated with the human intoxication, diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The effects of warming temperature on the physiology and toxinology of these mixotrophic species remain intractable due to their low biomass in nature and difficulties in establishing and maintaining them in culture. Hence, the present study investigated the influence of warming temperature, encompassing present and predicted climate scenarios, on growth and toxin production in a strain of the most cosmopolitan DSP-causative species, Dinophysis acuminata. The strain was isolated from western Japan, acclimated, and cultured over extended time spans.

The specific growth and toxin production rates were highest at 20–26 °C and 17–29 °C, respectively, and had significant linear relationships during exponential phase. The cellular toxin production of okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2 were highest during early exponential growth phase at temperatures ≤17 °C but highest during late stationary phase at temperatures ≥20 °C. The cellular toxin production of Dinophysistoxin-1, however, increased from early exponential to late stationary growth phase independently from temperature. The net toxin productions were not affected by acclimation temperature but significantly affected by growth and were highest during early exponential growth phase. Warming water temperatures increase growth and promote toxin production of D. acuminata, potentially increasing incidence of diarrheic shellfish poisoning events and closures of shellfish production. It is likely that D. acuminata is more toxic at low cell densities during bloom initiation in winter, and at high cell densities during bloom termination in spring-autumn. The results of the present research are also of importance for the mass production of D. acuminata for subsequent studies of the toxicological and pharmacological bioactivities of DSTs and PTX2, and the fate of these toxins in the natural environment and the vectoring shellfish molluscs.

有害藻华（HAB）属的物种鳍藻是与人中毒有关的最普遍和扩大赤潮事件之一的成因，腹泻性贝毒（DSP）。温度升高对这些混合营养物种的生理和毒素学的影响仍然是难以解决的，因为它们的自然生物量较低并且难以在培养中建立和维持它们。因此，本研究调查了气候变暖（包括当前和预测的气候情景）对最国际化的导致DSP的致病物种Dinophysis acuminata菌株的生长和毒素产生的影响。该菌株是从日本西部分离，驯化并在延长的时间跨度内培养的。

比值生长和毒素产生率分别在20–26°C和17–29°C时最高，并且在指数期具有显着的线性关系。冈田酸和果胶毒素2的细胞毒素产生在温度≤17°C的指数生长期早期最高，而在温度≥20°C的静止期后期最高。然而，Dinophysistoxin-1的细胞毒素产生与温度无关，从早期指数增长到静止后期。净毒素产量不受环境温度的影响，但受生长的影响很大，并且在指数生长早期处于最高水平。温暖的水温增加了D的生长并促进了D毒素的产生。尖锐湿疣，可能会增加腹泻性贝类中毒事件的发生率，并关闭贝类生产。这可能是d。在冬季，在开花初期低细胞密度和在春季秋天开花终止高细胞密度下，acuminata的毒性更大。本研究的结果对D的批量生产也具有重要意义。敏用于后续研究DST和PTX2的毒理学和药理生物活性，以及​​这些毒素在自然环境中的命运以及介导贝类软体动物的命运。