Rice grown in arsenic (As) contaminated areas contributes to high dietary exposure of As inducing multiple adverse effects on human health. The As contamination and application of phosphate fertilizers during seedling stage creates a high P and As stress condition. The flooded paddy fields are also conducive for algal growth and microbial activity. The present study proposes potential role of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris (CHL) and bacteria, Pseudomonas putida (RAR) on rice plant grown under excess As and phosphate (P) conditions. The results show synchronized interaction of CHL + RAR which, reduces As uptake through enhanced P:As and reduced As:biomass ratio by modulating P trafficking. Gene expression analysis of different phosphate transporters exhibited correlation with reduced As uptake and other essential metals. The balancing of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proline accumulation, hormone modulation, and As sequestration in microbial biomass were elucidated as possible mechanisms of As detoxification. The study concludes that RAR and CHL combination mitigates the As stress during P-enriched conditions in rice by: (i) reducing As availability, (ii) modulating the As uptake, and (iii) improving detoxification mechanism of the plant. The study will be important in assessing the role and applicability of P solubilizing biofertilizers in these conditions.

中文翻译：

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小球藻和恶臭假单胞菌的相互作用可调节磷酸盐的运输，从而减少水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的砷吸收。

在砷（As）污染地区种植的大米会导致饮食中砷的摄入量增加，从而对人体健康产生多种不利影响。苗期砷的污染和磷肥的施用产生了较高的磷和砷胁迫条件。淹没的稻田也有利于藻类生长和微生物活动。本研究提出了微藻，小球藻（CHL）和细菌恶臭假单胞菌（RAR）在过量As和磷酸盐（P）条件下生长的水稻植株上的潜在作用。结果表明，CHL + RAR同步相互作用，可通过增强P：As降低As吸收，并通过调节P的运输降低As：生物质比。不同磷酸盐转运蛋白的基因表达分析显示出与减少的砷吸收和其他必需金属的相关性。阐明了微生物生物量中活性氧（ROS），脯氨酸积累，激素调节和As螯合的平衡是As排毒的可能机制。该研究得出的结论是，RAR和CHL组合可通过以下方式缓解水稻富磷条件下的As胁迫：（i）减少As的可利用性，（ii）调节As的吸收，以及（iii）改善植物的解毒机理。这项研究对于评估在这些条件下增溶磷的生物肥料的作用和适用性很重要。（ii）调节砷的吸收，和（iii）改善植物的排毒机制。这项研究对于评估在这些条件下增溶磷的生物肥料的作用和适用性很重要。（ii）调节砷的吸收，和（iii）改善植物的排毒机制。这项研究对于评估在这些条件下增溶磷的生物肥料的作用和适用性很重要。