Abstract Glycerol acetonide, also termed solketal, which is chemically derived from bio-glycerol, was used as a combustion improver in the dispersed emulsion phase in this study. Nano-emulsions of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) containing nano-sized droplets of solketal were produced using microwave irradiation and compared with those produced by mechanical homogenizing. A non-ionic surfactant mixture of Tween 80 and Span 80, with a combined hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) adjusted to 10 by the weight proportion of the two surfactants was added to assist the emulsion formation. The characteristics of the emulsions produced using the two methods were analyzed and compared. The experimental results show that nano-emulsions can only form when up to 15 wt% of surfactant and no more than 5 wt% of solketal are added. The nano-emulsions from microwave irradiation had a larger mean droplet size, more concentrated one-peak distribution of droplet size, and lower kinematic viscosity and emulsification stability (ES) than those from the mechanical homogenizer. Higher solketal content in the emulsion increased the mean droplet size and kinematic viscosity of the nano-emulsions prepared using either method, and decreased the emulsification stability. The nano-emulsions with 3 wt% solketal in the dispersed phase also had superior characteristics including the lowest mean droplet size and highest ES. This is thus suggested to be the optimum composition.

中文翻译：

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微波辐照制备的醇缩酮纳米乳在柴油中的乳化特性

摘要 甘油丙酮化物，也称为 solketal，其化学衍生自生物甘油，在本研究中用作分散乳液相中的燃烧改进剂。使用微波辐照制备含有纳米级醇缩酮液滴的超低硫柴油 (ULSD) 纳米乳液，并与机械均化产生的乳液进行比较。添加 Tween 80 和 Span 80 的非离子表面活性剂混合物，结合亲水-亲油平衡 (HLB) 根据两种表面活性剂的重量比例调整为 10，以帮助形成乳液。分析比较了两种方法制得的乳液的特性。实验结果表明，纳米乳液的形成只有在表面活性剂的加入量不超过 15wt% 和不超过 5wt% 的 solketal 时才能形成。与机械均质器相比，微波辐射的纳米乳液平均液滴尺寸更大，液滴尺寸的单峰分布更集中，运动粘度和乳化稳定性（ES）更低。乳液中较高的醇缩酮含量增加了使用任一方法制备的纳米乳液的平均液滴尺寸和运动粘度，并降低了乳化稳定性。在分散相中含有 3 wt% solketal 的纳米乳液还具有优异的特性，包括最低的平均液滴尺寸和最高的 ES。因此，这被认为是最佳组合物。乳液中较高的醇缩酮含量增加了使用任一方法制备的纳米乳液的平均液滴尺寸和运动粘度，并降低了乳化稳定性。在分散相中含有 3 wt% solketal 的纳米乳液还具有优异的特性，包括最低的平均液滴尺寸和最高的 ES。因此，这被认为是最佳组合物。乳液中较高的醇缩酮含量增加了使用任一方法制备的纳米乳液的平均液滴尺寸和运动粘度，并降低了乳化稳定性。在分散相中含有 3 wt% solketal 的纳米乳液还具有优异的特性，包括最低的平均液滴尺寸和最高的 ES。因此，这被认为是最佳组合物。