The main objectives of this study were (1) investigation of the temporal variations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ground level ozone (O₃) concentrations in Tehran megacity, the capital and most populous city in Iran, over a 10-year period from 2006 to 2015, and (2) estimation of their long-term health effects including all-cause and cause-specific mortality. For the first goal, the data of PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations, measured at 21 regulatory monitoring network stations in Tehran, were obtained and the temporal trends were investigated. The health impact assessment of PM_2.5 and O₃ was performed using the World Health Organization (WHO) AirQ+ software updated in 2016 by WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. Local baseline incidences in Tehran level were used to better reveal the health effects associated with PM_2.5 and O₃. Our study showed that over 2006–2015, annual mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and O₃ varied from 24.7 to 38.8 μg m⁻³ and 35.4 to 76.0 μg m⁻³, respectively, and were significantly declining in the recent 6 years (2010–2015) for PM_2.5 and 8 years (2008–2015) for O₃. However, Tehran citizens were exposed to concentrations of annual PM_2.5 exceeding the WHO air quality guideline (WHO AQG) (10 μg m⁻³), U.S. EPA and Iranian standard levels (12 μg m⁻³) during entire study period. We estimated that long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 contributed to between 24.5% and 36.2% of mortality from cerebrovascular disease (stroke), 19.8% and 24.1% from ischemic heart disease (IHD), 13.6% and 19.2% from lung cancer (LC), 10.7% and 15.3% from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 15.0% and 25.2% from acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), and 7.6% and 11.3% from all-cause annual mortality in the time period. We further estimated that deaths from IHD accounted for most of mortality attributable to long-term exposure to PM_2.5. The years of life lost (YLL) attributable to PM_2.5 was estimated to vary from 67,970 to 106,706 during the study period. In addition, long-term exposure to O₃ was estimated to be responsible for 0.9% to 2.3% of mortality from respiratory diseases. Overall, long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 and O₃ contributed substantially to mortality in Tehran megacity. Air pollution is a modifiable risk factor. Appropriate sustainable control policies are recommended to protect public health.

本研究的主要目的是 (1) 调查伊朗首都和人口最多的城市德黑兰特大城市环境细颗粒物 (PM _2.5 ) 和地面臭氧 (O ₃ ) 浓度的时间变化，超过 10- 2006 年至 2015 年期间，以及 (2) 估计其长期健康影响，包括全因死亡率和特定原因死亡率。对于第一个目标，获得了在德黑兰 21 个监管监测网络站测量的 PM _2.5和 O _{3浓度数据，并研究了时间趋势。PM 2.5}和O ₃的健康影响评估使用世界卫生组织欧洲环境与健康中心于 2016 年更新的世界卫生组织 (WHO) AirQ+ 软件进行。德黑兰水平的当地基线发病率被用来更好地揭示与 PM _2.5和 O ₃相关的健康影响。我们的研究表明，2006-2015 年间，PM _2.5和 O ₃的年平均浓度分别从 24.7 到 38.8 μg m ^-3和 35.4 到 76.0 μg m ^-3不等，并且在最近 6 年（2010- 2015) 用于 PM _2.5和 8 年 (2008-2015) 用于 O ₃。然而，德黑兰公民暴露于每年的 PM _2.5浓度在整个研究期间超过世界卫生组织空气质量指南 (WHO AQG) (10 μg m ^-3 )、美国环保署和伊朗标准水平 (12 μg m ^{-3 )。}我们估计，长期暴露于环境 PM _2.5导致 24.5% 至 36.2% 的脑血管疾病（中风）死亡率、19.8% 和 24.1% 的缺血性心脏病（IHD）死亡率、13.6% 和 19.2% 的肺癌死亡率（ LC)，10.7% 和 15.3% 来自慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)，15.0% 和 25.2% 来自急性下呼吸道感染 (ALRI)，以及 7.6% 和 11.3% 来自该时期的全因年死亡率。我们进一步估计，IHD 导致的死亡占长期暴露于 PM _2.5的大部分死亡率。可归因于 PM 的寿命损失年数 (YLL)_2.5估计在研究期间从 67,970 到 106,706 不等。此外，据估计，长期接触 O ₃会导致 0.9% 至 2.3% 的呼吸系统疾病死亡率。总体而言，长期暴露于环境 PM _2.5和 O ₃对德黑兰特大城市的死亡率产生了重大影响。空气污染是一个可改变的风险因素。建议采取适当的可持续控制政策来保护公众健康。