The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe,Nature

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The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-02-21 , DOI: 10.1038/nature25738
Iñigo Olalde ₁ , Selina Brace ₂ , Morten E Allentoft ₃ , Ian Armit ₄ , Kristian Kristiansen ₅ , Thomas Booth ₂ , Nadin Rohland ₁ , Swapan Mallick _{1,

6,

7} , Anna Szécsényi-Nagy ₈ , Alissa Mittnik _{9,

10} , Eveline Altena ₁₁ , Mark Lipson ₁ , Iosif Lazaridis _{1,

6} , Thomas K Harper ₁₂ , Nick Patterson ₆ , Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht _{1,

7} , Yoan Diekmann ₁₃ , Zuzana Faltyskova ₁₃ , Daniel Fernandes _{14,

15,

16} , Matthew Ferry _{1,

7} , Eadaoin Harney ₁ , Peter de Knijff ₁₁ , Megan Michel _{1,

7} , Jonas Oppenheimer _{1,

7} , Kristin Stewardson _{1,

7} , Alistair Barclay ₁₇ , Kurt Werner Alt _{18,

19,

20} , Corina Liesau ₂₁ , Patricia Ríos ₂₁ , Concepción Blasco ₂₁ , Jorge Vega Miguel ₂₂ , Roberto Menduiña García ₂₂ , Azucena Avilés Fernández ₂₃ , Eszter Bánffy _{24,

25} , Maria Bernabò-Brea ₂₆ , David Billoin ₂₇ , Clive Bonsall ₂₈ , Laura Bonsall ₂₉ , Tim Allen ₃₀ , Lindsey Büster ₄ , Sophie Carver ₃₁ , Laura Castells Navarro ₄ , Oliver E Craig ₃₂ , Gordon T Cook ₃₃ , Barry Cunliffe ₃₄ , Anthony Denaire ₃₅ , Kirsten Egging Dinwiddy ₁₇ , Natasha Dodwell ₃₆ , Michal Ernée ₃₇ , Christopher Evans ₃₈ , Milan Kuchařík ₃₉ , Joan Francès Farré ₄₀ , Chris Fowler ₄₁ , Michiel Gazenbeek ₄₂ , Rafael Garrido Pena ₂₁ , María Haber-Uriarte ₂₃ , Elżbieta Haduch ₄₃ , Gill Hey ₃₀ , Nick Jowett ₄₄ , Timothy Knowles ₄₅ , Ken Massy ₄₆ , Saskia Pfrengle ₉ , Philippe Lefranc ₄₇ , Olivier Lemercier ₄₈ , Arnaud Lefebvre _{49,

50} , César Heras Martínez _{51,

52,

53} , Virginia Galera Olmo _{52,

53} , Ana Bastida Ramírez ₅₁ , Joaquín Lomba Maurandi ₂₃ , Tona Majó ₅₄ , Jacqueline I McKinley ₁₇ , Kathleen McSweeney ₂₈ , Balázs Gusztáv Mende ₈ , Alessandra Modi ₅₅ , Gabriella Kulcsár ₂₄ , Viktória Kiss ₂₄ , András Czene ₅₆ , Róbert Patay ₅₇ , Anna Endrődi ₅₈ , Kitti Köhler ₂₄ , Tamás Hajdu _{59,

60} , Tamás Szeniczey ₅₉ , János Dani ₆₁ , Zsolt Bernert ₆₀ , Maya Hoole ₆₂ , Olivia Cheronet _{14,

15} , Denise Keating ₆₃ , Petr Velemínský ₆₄ , Miroslav Dobeš ₃₇ , Francesca Candilio _{65,

66,

67} , Fraser Brown ₃₀ , Raúl Flores Fernández ₆₈ , Ana-Mercedes Herrero-Corral ₆₉ , Sebastiano Tusa ₇₀ , Emiliano Carnieri ₇₁ , Luigi Lentini ₇₂ , Antonella Valenti ₇₃ , Alessandro Zanini ₇₄ , Clive Waddington ₇₅ , Germán Delibes ₇₆ , Elisa Guerra-Doce ₇₆ , Benjamin Neil ₃₈ , Marcus Brittain ₃₈ , Mike Luke ₇₇ , Richard Mortimer ₃₆ , Jocelyne Desideri ₇₈ , Marie Besse ₇₈ , Günter Brücken ₇₉ , Mirosław Furmanek ₈₀ , Agata Hałuszko ₈₀ , Maksym Mackiewicz ₈₀ , Artur Rapiński ₈₁ , Stephany Leach ₈₂ , Ignacio Soriano ₈₃ , Katina T Lillios ₈₄ , João Luís Cardoso _{85,

86} , Michael Parker Pearson ₈₇ , Piotr Włodarczak ₈₈ , T Douglas Price ₈₉ , Pilar Prieto ₉₀ , Pierre-Jérôme Rey ₉₁ , Roberto Risch ₈₃ , Manuel A Rojo Guerra ₉₂ , Aurore Schmitt ₉₃ , Joël Serralongue ₉₄ , Ana Maria Silva ₉₅ , Václav Smrčka ₉₆ , Luc Vergnaud ₉₇ , João Zilhão _{85,

98,

99} , David Caramelli ₅₅ , Thomas Higham ₁₀₀ , Mark G Thomas ₁₃ , Douglas J Kennett ₁₀₁ , Harry Fokkens ₁₀₂ , Volker Heyd _{31,

103} , Alison Sheridan ₁₀₄ , Karl-Göran Sjögren ₅ , Philipp W Stockhammer _{46,

105} , Johannes Krause ₁₀₅ , Ron Pinhasi _{14,

15} , Wolfgang Haak _{105,

106} , Ian Barnes ₂ , Carles Lalueza-Fox ₁₀₇ , David Reich _{1,

6,

7}

Affiliation

Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.
Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury SP4 6EB, UK.
Center of Natural and Cultural History of Man, Danube Private University, Krems 3500, Austria.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Basel University, Basel 4123, Switzerland.
Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
ARGEA S.L., Madrid 28011, Spain.
Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30001, Spain.
Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
Romano-Germanic Commission, German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany.
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Parma, Parma 43100, Italy.
INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Buffard 25440, France.
School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
10 Merchiston Gardens, Edinburgh EH10 5DD, UK.
Oxford Archaeology, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK.
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK.
Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK.
University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, France.
Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK.
Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic.
Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK.
Labrys o.p.s., Prague 198 00, Czech Republic.
Museu i Poblat Ibèric de Ca n'Oliver, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290, Spain.
School of History, Classics & Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Nice 06300, France.
Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 31-007, Poland.
Great Orme Mines, Great Orme, Llandudno LL30 2XG, UK.
Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany.
INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Strasbourg 67100, France.
Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3, UMR 5140 ASM, Montpellier 34199, France.
INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Metz 57063, France.
UMR 5199, Pacea, équipe A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33400, France.
TRÉBEDE, Patrimonio y Cultura SL, Torres de la Alameda 28813, Spain.
Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales (IUICP), Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
Archaeom, Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy.
Salisbury Ltd, Budaörs 2040, Hungary.
Ferenczy Museum Center, Szentendre 2100, Hungary.
Budapest History Museum, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
Déri Museum, Debrecen 4026, Hungary.
Historic Environment Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 1SH, UK.
Humanities Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic.
Soprintendenza Archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e per le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari 9124, Italy.
Physical Anthropology Section, University of Philadelphia Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
46 Cuidad Real Street, Parla 28982, Spain.
Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
Soprintendenza del Mare, Palermo 90133, Italy.
Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
Soprintendenza per i beni culturali e ambientali di Trapani, Trapani 91100, Italy.
Prima Archeologia del Mediterraneo, Partanna 91028, Italy.
Università degli Studi di Palermo, Agrigento 92100, Italy.
Archaeological Research Services Ltd, Bakewell DE45 1HB, UK.
Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
Albion Archaeology, Bedford MK42 0AS, UK.
Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
General Department of Cultural Heritage Rhineland Palatinate, Department of Archaeology, Mainz 55116, Germany.
Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław 50-137, Poland.
Institute of Archaeology, Silesian University in Opava, Opava 746 01, Czech Republic.
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.
Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA.
Centro de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1600-214, Portugal.
Universidade Aberta, Lisboa 1269-001, Portugal.
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-016, Poland.
Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
UMR 5204 Laboratoire Edytem, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry 73376, France.
Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Valladolid University, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, EFS, Faculté de médecine Nord, Marseille 13015, France.
Service archéologique, Conseil Général de la Haute-Savoie, Annecy 74000, France.
Laboratory of Prehistory, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic.
ANTEA Bureau d'étude en Archéologie, Habsheim 68440, France.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08001, Spain.
Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
Department of Anthropology & Institute for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, Section of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.

From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries.

中文翻译：

烧杯现象与西北欧的基因组转变

大约从公元前2750年到公元前2500年，钟形烧杯陶器在西欧和中欧广泛传播，然后在公元前2200年到公元前1800年消失。推动其扩张的力量是一个长期争论的问题，人们支持文化传播和移民在这一过程中发挥作用。在这里，我们展示了 400 名新石器时代、铜器时代和青铜时代欧洲人的全基因组数据，其中包括 226 名与烧杯复合体文物相关的个体。我们检测到来自伊比利亚和中欧的烧杯复合体相关个体之间的遗传亲和力有限，因此排除了迁移作为这两个地区之间传播的重要机制。然而，移民在烧杯建筑群的进一步传播中发挥了关键作用。我们在英国最清楚地记录了这一现象，烧杯复合体的传播引入了高水平的草原相关血统，并与数百年内英国约 90% 的基因库的替换有关，继续从东到-在过去的几个世纪里，西部扩张将与草原有关的祖先带入了中欧和北欧。

更新日期：2018-02-21

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