Abstract Over years, numerous consolidation formulations and procedures have been developed and tested on lithic materials. It was clearly proven that some consolidation protocols applied on stone monuments years ago were not the best ones, jeopardizing the state of conservation of the intervened artwork. An example of this was the use of modern cement to fasten the Tello Obelisk (Lima, Peru) from its base and to repair a fracture visible in its upper part in the year 2010. The Tello Obelisk is a prismatic granite monolith (2.52 m high and 0.32 m width) belonging to the archaeological site of Chavin de Huantar in north-central Peru (actually in the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru, Lima). According to the historic knowledge, this sculpture is probably a Wanka or an object of religious cult and belongs to the Early Horizon period (900 BCE to 200 BCE). After some years since this consolidation, the used cement suffered from structural problems, since cracks and cement material loss were observable, compromising its strengthening. This work is focused in the characterization of the cement material used in the 2010 consolidation of the Tello Obelisk. For that purpose, different cement fragments used in its consolidation were analysed in the laboratory by micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (wavelength and energy dispersive) in order to determine the original composition and deterioration products present in the cement, which can be responsible of future problems in such kind of stone monoliths.

中文翻译：

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评估用作石料固结剂的水泥劣化产物的多分析方法：以特洛方尖碑为例，利马（秘鲁）

摘要 多年来，已经在石料上开发和测试了许多固结配方和程序。事实清楚地证明，多年前应用于石碑的一些合并协议并不是最好的协议，危及介入艺术品的保护状态。这方面的一个例子是使用现代水泥将特洛方尖碑（秘鲁利马）从其底部固定，并在 2010 年修复了其上部可见的裂缝。特洛方尖碑是棱柱形花岗岩巨石（2.52 m 高）和 0.32 m 宽）属于秘鲁中北部 Chavin de Huantar 考古遗址（实际上在秘鲁国家考古、人类学和历史博物馆，利马）。根据历史知识，该雕塑可能是 Wanka 或宗教崇拜的对象，属于早期地平线时期（公元前 900 年至公元前 200 年）。在经过几年的加固后，使用过的水泥出现了结构问题，因为可以观察到裂缝和水泥材料损失，从而影响了其强度。这项工作的重点是表征 2010 年特洛方尖碑整合中使用的水泥材料。为此，在实验室中通过显微拉曼光谱、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、X 射线荧光光谱（波长和能量色散）分析了用于固结的不同水泥碎片，以确定原始成分和劣化水泥中存在的产品，这可能会导致此类石块的未来问题。